This study will compare medical therapy with coronary bypass surgery and/or surgical ventricular reconstruction for patients with congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease (CAD).
BACKGROUND: Congestive heart failure afflicts approximately five million Americans and is the leading cause of hospitalization in Americans over the age of 65. Most cases of congestive heart failure are due to CAD. Surprisingly little is known about the relative benefits of medical versus surgical therapy for patients with obstructive coronary disease and congestive heart failure. Randomized studies of medical therapy versus bypass surgery for obstructive coronary disease were conducted in the 1970s and did not include the systematic use of aspirin, arterial conduits, or lipid-lowering medications. In addition, patients with ejection fractions below 35% were specifically excluded from the three large randomized studies of medical therapy versus bypass surgery. While observational data from the 1970s and early 1980s suggest a survival advantage associated with bypass surgery in patients with low ejection fraction and congestive heart failure, biases favoring the referral of the fittest of such patients for bypass surgery may have confounded these comparisons. In addition, medical therapy for congestive heart failure has improved dramatically over the past two decades. Thus, the choice of medical therapy versus bypass surgery for patients with congestive heart failure and obstructive coronary disease is usually decided by guesswork. This study is designed to provide a solid answer. PURPOSE: STICH is a multicenter, international, randomized trial that addresses two specific primary hypotheses in patients with clinical heart failure (HF) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction who have coronary artery disease amenable to surgical revascularization. The first hypothesis is that restoration of blood flow by means of coronary revascularization recovers chronic LV dysfunction and improves survival, as compared to intensive medical therapy alone. The second hypothesis is that surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) to a more normal LV size improves survival free of subsequent hospitalization for cardiac cause compared to CABG alone. Patients eligible for either medical therapy or CABG, but not eligible for the SVR procedure (Stratum A), will be randomized in equal proportions to medical therapy alone versus CABG plus medical therapy. Patients eligible for all three therapies (Stratum B) will be randomized in equal proportions to medical therapy alone, CABG plus medical therapy, and CABG plus SVR plus medical therapy. Patients whose severity of angina or CAD makes them inappropriate for medical therapy alone (Stratum C) will be randomized in equal proportions to CABG plus medical therapy versus CABG plus SVR plus medical therapy. The overall target was to recruit 1200 patients into Hypothesis One and 1,000 patients into Hypothesis Two. Secondary endpoints include the role of myocardial viability, morbidity, economics, and quality of life. Core laboratories for quality of life/economics, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), echocardiography (ECHO), neurohormonal/cytokine/genetic (NCG), and radionuclide (RN) studies ensure consistent testing practices and standardization of data necessary to identify eligible patients and to address specific questions related to the stated hypotheses. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: The most common cause of HF is no longer hypertension or valvular heart disease as it was in previous decades, but rather CAD. HF is a common worldwide disease and CAD is a frequent cause of HF initiation and progression. HF is responsible for approximately 1 million hospitalizations and 300,000 fatalities annually. The prevalence of HF is increasing, largely due to enhanced survival following acute myocardial infarction and other manifestations of CAD. No randomized trial has ever compared directly the long-term benefits of surgical, medical, or combined surgical and medical treatment of patients with ischemic HF. The STICH trial is the first trial to compare the long term benefits of surgical and medical treatment in patients with ischemic HF. Although modern medical therapy for HF modestly improves quality of life, a more aggressive approach with the surgical therapies being studied in the STICH trial may produce even greater improvements. The common clinical practice of not offering CABG to patients with LV dysfunction in regions found to be nonviable on noninvasive studies is not evidence-based. Since only those patients for whom intensive medical therapy is the only reasonable therapeutic alternative are excluded from this study, the results of the STICH trial should be applicable to most patients with CAD, HF, and systolic LV dysfunction. The results of the STICH trial will also establish whether measurements of neurohormonal and cytokine levels and genetic profiling are useful for directing patient management decisions, for monitoring the effectiveness of therapy, and for refining the optimal approach for selecting the treatment strategy most likely to be effective for the many of these patients.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
2,136
CABG plus standard medication management for Coronary Artery Disease
Standard medication for coronary artery disease and heart failure management.
H02: the experimental arm receives active medical therapy and CABG and surgical ventricular restoration whereas the control group receives active medical therapy and CABG; for H01: the experimental arm receives active medical therapy and CABG whereas the control group receives active medical therapy alone
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina, United States
H01: All Cause Mortality
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: All Cause Mortality
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H02: All-cause Mortality or Cardiovascular Hospitalization
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: Cardiovascular Mortality (Defined as Sudden Death or Death Attributed to Recurrent MI, HF, a Cardiovascular Procedure, Stroke, or Other Cardiovascular Etiology).
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: Cardiovascular Mortality (Defined as Sudden Death or Death Attributed to Recurrent MI, HF, a Cardiovascular Procedure, Stroke, or Other Cardiovascular Etiology).
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: Mortality or Cardiovascular Hospitalization
Time frame: up to 5 years post randomization
H01: Mortality or Cardiovascular Hospitalization
Time frame: up to 10 years post randomization
H02: All-cause Mortality
Time frame: up to 5 years
H01: All-cause Mortality Within 30 Days After Randomization
Time frame: 30 days post randomization
H02: All-cause Mortality Within 30 Days After Randomization
Time frame: 30 days post randomization
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
H01: All-cause Mortality or Heart-failure Hospitalization
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H02: All-cause Mortality or Heart-failure Hospitalization
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: All-cause Mortality or Heart-failure Hospitalization
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: Heart Failure Hospitalization
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H02: Heart Failure Hospitalization
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: Heart Failure Hospitalization
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: Cardiac Procedure: Heart Transplant
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H02: Cardiac Procedure: Heart Transplant
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: Cardiac Procedure: Heart Transplant
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: Cardiac Procedure: Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H02: Cardiac Procedure: Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: Cardiac Procedure: Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: Cardiac Procedure: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H02: Cardiac Procedure: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: Cardiac Procedure: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: Stroke
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: Stroke
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H02: Stroke
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: All-cause Mortality or Revascularization (CABG or PCI)
CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. For patients randomized to CABG or CABG +SVR group, this represents the repeat CABG received during follow-up. PCI = Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H02: All-cause Mortality or Revascularization (CABG or PCI)
CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. For patients randomized to CABG or CABG +SVR group, this represents the repeat CABG received during follow-up. PCI = Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: All-cause Mortality or Revascularization (CABG or PCI)
CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. For patients randomized to CABG or CABG +SVR group, this represents the repeat CABG received during follow-up. PCI = Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: All-cause Mortality, Heart Transplant or LVAD
LVAD=Left Ventricular Assist Device
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H02: All-cause Mortality, Heart Transplant or LVAD
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: All-cause Mortality, Heart Transplant or LVAD
LVAD=Left Ventricular Assist Device
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: All-cause (Unplanned and Elective) Hospitalization
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H02: All-cause (Unplanned and Elective) Hospitalization
Time frame: 5 years post randomization
H01: All-cause (Unplanned and Elective) Hospitalization
Time frame: 10 years post randomization
H01: 6 Minute Walk Distance
Time frame: From randomization to 24 month follow-up
H02: 6 Minute Walk Distance
Time frame: From randomization to 24 month follow-up
H01: Exercise Duration
Record the total duration of exercise in minutes and seconds for patients performing the modified Bruce exercise treadmill test
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H02: Exercise Duration
Record the total duration of exercise in minutes and seconds for patients performing the modified Bruce exercise treadmill test
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H01: LVEF by ECHO Core Lab During Follow-up
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by Echocardiography (ECHO) core lab
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H02: LVEF by ECHO Core Lab During Follow-up
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by Echocardiography (ECHO) core lab
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H01: LVEF by RN Core Lab During Follow-up
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by radionuclide (RN) core lab.
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H02: LVEF by RN Core Lab During Follow-up
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by radionuclide (RN) core lab.
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H01: LVEF by CMR Core Lab During Follow-up
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) core lab.
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H02: LVEF by CMR Core Lab During Follow-up
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) core lab.
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H01: B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) by Neurohormonal/cytokine/genetic (NCG) core lab during follow-up
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H02: B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) by Neurohormonal/cytokine/genetic (NCG) core lab during follow-up
Time frame: From randomization to 24 months follow-up
H01: SF-36 Mental Health Subscale
Short Form 36 Health Status Questionnaire (SF-36) Mental Health Subscale: These 5 items assess anxiety, depression, emotional control, and psychological well-being. Response choices range from "All of the time" (1) to "None of the time" (6). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better mental health. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: SF-36 Mental Health Subscale
These 5 items assess anxiety, depression, emotional control, and psychological well-being. Response choices range from "All of the time" (1) to "None of the time" (6). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better mental health. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01:SF-36 Role Physical Subscale
These 4 items assess limitations and difficulty performing work or other usual activities as a result of one's physical health. Response choices are either "Yes" (1) or "No" (2). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better outcomes. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: SF-36 Role Physical Subscale
These 4 items assess limitations and difficulty performing work or other usual activities as a result of one's physical health. Response choices are either "Yes" (1) or "No" (2). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better outcomes. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01:SF-36 Role Emotional Subscale
These 3 items assess limitations and difficulty performing work or other usual activities as a result of any emotional problems (such as feeling depressed or anxious). Response choices are either "Yes" (1) or "No" (2). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better outcomes. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: SF-36 Role Emotional Subscale
These 3 items assess limitations and difficulty performing work or other usual activities as a result of any emotional problems (such as feeling depressed or anxious). Response choices are either "Yes" (1) or "No" (2). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better outcomes. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01:SF-36 Social Functioning Subscale
These 2 items assess the limitations on social activities with others. Response choices range from "Extremely" or "All of the time" (1) to "Not at all" or "None of the time" (5). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better social functioning. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: SF-36 Social Functioning Subscale
These 2 items assess the limitations on social activities with others. Response choices range from "Extremely" or "All of the time" (1) to "Not at all" or "None of the time" (5). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better social functioning. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01:SF-36 Vitality Subscale
These 4 items assess energy level and fatigue. Response choices range from "All of the time" (1) to "None of the time" (6). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better vitality. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: SF-36 Vitality Subscale
These 4 items assess energy level and fatigue. Response choices range from "All of the time" (1) to "None of the time" (6). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better vitality. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01:SF-12 Physical Component Summary (PCS) Scale
Twelve items that reflect both physical and mental health are selected from the SF-36 subscales and combined according to an algebraic formula using published weights and constants: (a) First, the items are coded so that a higher value indicates better health; (b) then indicator variables (1/0) are created for the item response choice categories; (c) next, the 35 indicator variables are weighted using "physical" regression weights from the general US population and summed to produce the PCS-12 score; and (d) finally, a normalized score (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) is obtained by adding the "physical" constant from the scoring table to the sum of the 35 products.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: SF-12 Physical Component Summary (PCS) Scale
Twelve items that reflect both physical and mental health are selected from the SF-36 subscales and combined according to an algebraic formula using published weights and constants: (a) First, the items are coded so that a higher value indicates better health; (b) then indicator variables (1/0) are created for the item response choice categories; (c) next, the 35 indicator variables are weighted using "physical" regression weights from the general US population and summed to produce the PCS-12 score; and (d) finally, a normalized score (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) is obtained by adding the "physical" constant from the scoring table to the sum of the 35 products.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: SF-12 Mental Component Summary (MCS) Scale
Twelve items that reflect both physical and mental health are selected from the SF-36 subscales and combined according to an algebraic formula using published weights and constants: (a) First, the items are coded so that a higher value indicates better health; (b) then indicator variables (1/0) are created for the item response choice categories; (c) next, the 35 indicator variables are weighted using "mental" regression weights from the general US population and summed to produce the MCS-12 score; and (d) finally, a normalized score (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) is obtained by adding the "mental" constant from the scoring table to the sum of the 35 products.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: SF-12 Mental Component Summary (MCS) Scale
Twelve items that reflect both physical and mental health are selected from the SF-36 subscales and combined according to an algebraic formula using published weights and constants: (a) First, the items are coded so that a higher value indicates better health; (b) then indicator variables (1/0) are created for the item response choice categories; (c) next, the 35 indicator variables are weighted using "mental" regression weights from the general US population and summed to produce the MCS-12 score; and (d) finally, a normalized score (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) is obtained by adding the "mental" constant from the scoring table to the sum of the 35 products.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Physical Limitation Scale
Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ)Physical Limitation Scale: These 6 items assess ability to perform various activities of daily living. Response choices range from "Extremely limited" (1) to "Not at all limited" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Physical Limitation Scale
These 6 items assess ability to perform various activities of daily living. Response choices range from "Extremely limited" (1) to "Not at all limited" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Symptom Stability
This item assesses changes in shortness of breath or fatigue over the past 2 weeks. Response choices range from "Much worse" (1) to "Much better" (5). Item score is transformed to a 0-100 scale with a high score representing a better outcome. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Symptom Stability
This item assesses changes in shortness of breath or fatigue over the past 2 weeks. Response choices range from "Much worse" (1) to "Much better" (5). Item score is transformed to a 0-100 scale with a high score representing a better outcome.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Symptom Frequency
These 4 items assess how many times the patient has been bothered by shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling over the past 2 weeks. Response choices vary, but they range from "Every morning" or "Every night" or "All of the time" (1) to "Never over the past 2 weeks" (either 5 or 7). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Symptom Frequency
These 4 items assess how many times the patient has been bothered by shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling over the past 2 weeks. Response choices vary, but they range from "Every morning" or "Every night" or "All of the time" (1) to "Never over the past 2 weeks" (either 5 or 7). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Symptom Burden
These 3 items assess how much the patient has been bothered by shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling over the past 2 weeks. Response choices range from "extremely bothersome" (1) to "Not at all bothersome" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Symptom Burden
These 3 items assess how much the patient has been bothered by shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling over the past 2 weeks. Response choices range from "extremely bothersome" (1) to "Not at all bothersome" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Total Symptoms
This score represents the mean of the Symptom Frequency and Symptom Burden scores. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Total Symptoms
This score represents the mean of the Symptom Frequency and Symptom Burden scores. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Quality-of-Life Scale
These 3 items assess the effect of heart failure on the patient's enjoyment of life. Response choices range from 1 (worst state) to 5 (best state). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Quality-of-Life Scale
These 3 items assess the effect of heart failure on the patient's enjoyment of life. Response choices range from 1 (worst state) to 5 (best state). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Social Limitation
These 4 items assess how much heart failure has affected the patient's lifestyle. Response choices range from "Severely limited" (1) to "Did not limit at all" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Social Limitation
These 4 items assess how much heart failure has affected the patient's lifestyle. Response choices range from "Severely limited" (1) to "Did not limit at all" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Clinical Summary Score
This score represents the mean of the Physical Limitation and Total Symptom scores. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Clinical Summary Score
This score represents the mean of the Physical Limitation and Total Symptom scores. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: KCCQ Overall Summary Score
This score represents the mean of these 4 scores: Physical Limitation, Total Symptom, Quality of Life, and Social Limitation. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: KCCQ Overall Summary Score
This score represents the mean of these 4 scores: Physical Limitation, Total Symptom, Quality of Life, and Social Limitation. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Anginal Frequency Subscale
These 2 items assess the frequency of chest pain over the last 4 weeks. Response choices range from "4 or more times a day" (1) to "None" (6). The mean response is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect less frequent angina. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Anginal Frequency Subscale
These 2 items assess the frequency of chest pain over the last 4 weeks. Response choices range from "4 or more times a day" (1) to "None" (6). The mean response is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect less frequent angina.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Anginal Stability Subscale
This item assesses the change in chest pain over the last 4 weeks. Response choices range from "Much more often" (1) to "None" (6). The mean response is transformed to a 0-100 scale where 50 represents no change and a higher score indicates less angina. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Anginal Stability Subscale
This item assesses the change in chest pain over the last 4 weeks. Response choices range from "Much more often" (1) to "None" (6). The mean response is transformed to a 0-100 scale where 50 represents no change and a higher score indicates less angina.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01:Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Quality-of-Life Subscale
These 3 items measure the patient's general satisfaction with life. Response choices range from 1 (least enjoyment) to 5 (high satisfaction). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect better outcomes. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Quality-of-Life Subscale
These 3 items measure the patient's general satisfaction with life. Response choices range from 1 (least enjoyment) to 5 (high satisfaction). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect better outcomes.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: EQ-5D Visual Analog Scale
Euro QoL 5 Dimensions Quality of Life Instrument (EQ-5D): This 0-100 scale records the patient's self-rated health on a vertical scale where 0 = worst imaginable health and 100 = perfect health. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: EQ-5D Visual Analog Scale
This 0-100 scale records the patient's self-rated health on a vertical scale where 0 = worst imaginable health and 100 = perfect health.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: EQ-5D Health Status Index Score
This 5-item scale describes a patient's health in terms of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Choices for each dimension are "No problems" (1), "Moderate problems" (2), or "Extreme problems" (3). A scoring algorithm with utility weights is then applied to these 5 items to generate index scores ranging from -0.11 (i.e., 33333) to 1.0 (i.e., 11111) on a scale where 0.0 = death and 1.0 = perfect health. These scores were multiplied by 100 to produce a scale from -11 to 100 that more closely resembles the Visual Analog Scale. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: EQ-5D Health Status Index Score
This 5-item scale describes a patient's health in terms of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Choices for each dimension are "No problems" (1), "Moderate problems" (2), or "Extreme problems" (3). A scoring algorithm with utility weights is then applied to these 5 items to generate index scores ranging from -0.11 (i.e., 33333) to 1.0 (i.e., 11111) on a scale where 0.0 = death and 1.0 = perfect health. (These scores can be multiplied by 100 to produce a scale from -11 to 100 that more closely resembles the Visual Analog Scale.)
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: Percentage of Patients With a Score of >= 16 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale
These 20 items assess depressive symptomatology, and responses choices range from "Rarely or none of the time" (0) to "Most or all of the time" (3). Scale scores can therefore range from 0 to 60, although scores greater than or equal to 16 are considered high. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: Percentage of Patients With a Score of >= 16 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale
These 20 items assess depressive symptomatology, and responses choices range from "Rarely or none of the time" (0) to "Most or all of the time" (3). Scale scores can therefore range from 0 to 60, although scores greater than or equal to 16 are considered high.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: Cardiac Self-Efficacy (CSE) Maintain Functioning Subscale
These 5 items assess patients' ability to maintain their usual social, family, and physical activities. Response choices range from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Completely confident" (5). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect more confidence. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: Cardiac Self-Efficacy (CSE) Maintain Functioning Subscale
These 5 items assess patients' ability to maintain their usual social, family, and physical activities. Response choices range from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Completely confident" (5). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect more confidence.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: Cardiac Self-Efficacy (CSE) Control Symptoms Subscale
These 8 items assess patients' ability to control symptoms such as chest pain and breathlessness by taking their medications and adjusting their activity levels. Response choices range from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Completely confident" (5). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect more confidence. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: Cardiac Self-Efficacy (CSE) Control Symptoms Subscale
These 8 items assess patients' ability to control symptoms such as chest pain and breathlessness by taking their medications and adjusting their activity levels. Response choices range from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Completely confident" (5). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect more confidence.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: General Health Rating Scale
This single item asks patients to describe their health status over the past month on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 = death and 100 = excellent health. .
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H02: General Health Rating Scale
This single item asks patients to describe their health status over the past month on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 = death and 100 = excellent health.
Time frame: From enrollment to 3-year follow-up
H01: Cost of Care
Hospital costs and physician fees for US patients
Time frame: index hospital admission
H02: Cost of Care
Hospital costs and physician fees for US patients
Time frame: index hospital admission