This 4 arm study assessed the efficacy and safety of oral capecitabine (Xeloda) or intravenous (iv) fluorouracil/leucovorin, in combination with iv oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) with or without iv bevacizumab (Avastin), as a first-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients were randomized to receive 1) XELOX (Xeloda 1000 mg/m\^2 orally \[po\] twice a day \[bid\] on Days 1-15 + oxaliplatin in 3 week cycles), 2) FOLFOX-4 (oxaliplatin + leucovorin + fluorouracil \[5-FU\] in 2 week cycles), 3) XELOX + bevacizumab (7.5 mg iv on Day 1 in 3 week cycles), or 4) FOLFOX-4 + bevacizumab (5 mg iv on Day 1 in 2 week cycles).
This study was conducted in 2 parts: An initial 2-arm part in which patients were randomized to 1 of 2 different treatment groups (XELOX or FOLFOX-4), and a subsequent 2 x 2 factorial part, added to the study through a protocol amendment, in which additional patients were randomized into one of 4 different treatment groups (XELOX + placebo, FOLFOX-4 + placebo, XELOX + bevacizumab, or FOLFOX-4 + bevacizumab). Due to the comparison of the oral agent capecitabine with bolus and infused fluorouracil, the study was not blinded with respect to these 2 treatments. The study was double-blind with regard to the administration of bevacizumab, ie, there was a placebo control for bevacizumab in the second part of the study. The study consisted of 3 phases, a Primary Study Treatment Phase, a Post-Study Treatment Phase, and a Follow-Up Phase. Primary Study Treatment Phase Patients were to receive up to 16 cycles (2-arm part of the study) or 24 cycles (4-arm part of the study) of treatment during the Primary Study Treatment Phase (48 weeks). Post-Study Treatment Phase Patients who completed the 48-week primary study treatment phase without progressive disease were eligible to enter the post-study treatment phase at the discretion of the investigator and the sponsor. Patients who entered this phase were to continue treatment on the same regimen to which they were initially randomized until either progression of disease was documented, unacceptable toxicity occurred, or the patient withdrew consent. Follow-up Phase Patients who terminated study treatment during the primary or post-study treatment phase were followed until disease progression or death.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
2,035
Oxaliplatin was administered in a 2 h infusion before the first dose of capecitabine.
Capecitabine was taken within 30 min after the end of breakfast and dinner.
Bevacizumab was administered in a 30 to 90 min infusion.
Placebo control for bevacizumab (volume equivalent to 7.5 mg/kg bevacizumab) was administered in a 30 to 90 min infusion.
Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m\^2 was administered simultaneously with leucovorin in a 2 h infusion.
Leucovorin was administered simultaneously with oxaliplatin 85 mg/m\^2 in a 2 h infusion.
Bevacizumab was administered in a 30 to 90 min infusion.
Placebo control for bevacizumab (volume equivalent to 5 mg/kg bevacizumab) was administered in a 30 to 90 min infusion.
Unnamed facility
Berkeley, California, United States
Unnamed facility
Fountain Valley, California, United States
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Fullerton, California, United States
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Gilroy, California, United States
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Greenbrae, California, United States
Unnamed facility
Progression-free Survival (PFS) as Assessed by the Investigator According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) by General Approach (Participants With Curative Surgery Censored): Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
PFS was defined as the time from randomization to progressive disease or death. Participants with neither disease progression nor death were censored at the last date of the last tumor assessment that confirmed that their disease had not progressed. Participants with no tumor assessments after baseline who were alive at the time of clinical cutoff were censored at the date of randomization. Participants who underwent surgical resection with curative intent without prior progression were censored at the date of surgery. PFS was based on tumor assessments made by the investigators according to the RECIST criteria. Non-inferiority analysis that followed the general approach took into account all tumor assessments obtained during the primary study treatment phase, the post-study treatment phase and those obtained during the follow-up phase. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms compared with the FOLFOX-4- containing arms was investigated.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
PFS as Assessed by the Investigator According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) by General Approach (Participants With Curative Surgery Censored) - Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
PFS was defined as the time from randomization to progressive disease or death. Participants with neither disease progression nor death were censored at the last date of the last tumor assessment that confirmed that their disease had not progressed. Participants with no tumor assessments after baseline who were alive at the time of clinical cutoff were censored at the date of randomization. Participants who underwent surgical resection with curative intent without prior progression were censored at the date of surgery. PFS was based on tumor assessments made by the investigators according to the RECIST criteria. Superiority analysis that followed the general approach took into account all tumor assessments obtained during the primary study treatment phase, the post-study treatment phase and those obtained during the follow-up phase. Superiority of the BV-containing arms was compared with the chemotherapy alone arms.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
PFS as Assessed by the Independent Review Committee (IRC) (General Approach, Participants With Curative Surgery Censored) - Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
PFS is defined as the time from randomization to disease progression (PD) or death due to any cause. Participants with neither disease progression nor death were censored at the last date of the last tumor assessment that confirmed that their disease had not progressed. Participants who underwent surgical resection with curative intent without prior progression were censored at the date of surgery. PFS was analyzed on the basis of the tumor response assessments made by the IRC. Non-inferiority analysis that followed the general approach took into account all tumor assessments obtained during the primary study treatment phase, the post-study treatment phase and those obtained during the follow-up phase. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
PFS as Assessed by the Independent Review Committee (IRC) (General Approach, Participants With Curative Surgery Censored) - Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
PFS is defined as the time from randomization to disease progression (PD) or death due to any cause. Participants with neither disease progression nor death were censored at the last date of the last tumor assessment that confirmed that their disease had not progressed. Participants who underwent surgical resection with curative intent without prior progression were censored at the date of surgery. PFS was analyzed on the basis of the tumor response assessments made by the IRC. Superiority analysis that followed the general approach took into account all tumor assessments obtained during the primary study treatment phase, the post-study treatment phase and those obtained during the follow-up phase. Superiority of the bevacizumab-containing arms was compared with the placebo-containing arms.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
PFS (On-treatment Approach): Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
PFS is defined as the time from randomization to disease progression (PD) or death due to any cause. The on-treatment analysis included only tumor assessments and death events that occurred no later than 28 days after the last confirmed intake of any study medication in the primary study treatment phase. Participants who did not have an event during this interval were censored at the date of the last tumor assessment within this time window, or on day 1 if no tumor assessment was available after baseline. Participants who underwent surgical resection with curative intent without prior progression within 28 days after the last confirmed intake of any study medication in the primary study treatment phase were censored at the date of surgery. The on-treatment approach excluded the possible impact of other treatments that might have been started before disease progression. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
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Los Angeles, California, United States
Unnamed facility
Orange, California, United States
Unnamed facility
Palo Alto, California, United States
Unnamed facility
San Diego, California, United States
Unnamed facility
Norwich, Connecticut, United States
...and 226 more locations
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
PFS (On-treatment Approach): Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
PFS is defined as the time from randomization to disease progression (PD) or death due to any cause. The on-treatment analysis included only tumor assessments and death events that occurred no later than 28 days after the last confirmed intake of any study medication in the primary study treatment phase. Participants who did not have an event during this interval were censored at the date of the last tumor assessment within this time window, or on day 1 if no tumor assessment was available after baseline. Participants who underwent surgical resection with curative intent without prior progression within 28 days after the last confirmed intake of any study medication in the primary study treatment phase were censored at the date of surgery. The on-treatment approach excluded the possible impact of other treatments that might have been started before disease progression. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
PFS by General Approach, Participants With Curative Surgery Not Censored: Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
PFS is defined as the time from randomization to disease progression (PD) or death due to any cause. Participants who underwent curative surgery after experiencing a sufficient shrinkage of their tumor were not censored at the date of surgery, but any relapse, new occurrence of colorectal cancer, or death was considered as an event. Non-inferiority analysis that followed the general approach took into account all tumor assessments obtained during the primary study treatment phase, the post-study treatment phase and those obtained during the follow-up phase. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
PFS by General Approach, Participants With Curative Surgery Not Censored: Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
PFS is defined as the time from randomization to disease progression (PD) or death due to any cause. Participants who underwent curative surgery after experiencing a sufficient shrinkage of their tumor were not censored at the date of surgery, but any relapse, new occurrence of colorectal cancer, or death was considered as an event. Superiority analysis that followed the general approach took into account all tumor assessments obtained during the primary study treatment phase, the post-study treatment phase and those obtained during the follow-up phase. Superiority of the BV-containing arms was compared with the chemotherapy alone arms.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
Overall Survival: Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
Overall survival was defined as the time from the date of randomization to the date of death. Participants who were not reported to have died at the time of the clinical cut-off date for the analysis were censored using the date they were last known to be alive. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
Overall Survival: Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
Overall survival was defined as the time from the date of randomization to the date of death. Participants who were not reported to have died at the time of the clinical cut-off date for the analysis were censored using the date they were last known to be alive. Superiority of the BV-containing arms was compared with the chemotherapy alone arms.
Time frame: Baseline until disease progression or death, approximately 2 years 6 months
Best Overall Response (BOR) as Assessed by the Investigator According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST): Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
According to the RECIST criteria, BOR in an individual participant was defined as the best response recorded from the start of the treatment until disease progression or recurrence. Only tumor assessments as assessed by the investigator and made up to and including 28 days after last intake of study medication in the primary study treatment phase not later than date of first curative surgery were included in these analyses. Responders were defined as the percentage of participants with a confirmed best overall response of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
Best Overall Response (BOR) as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
According to the RECIST criteria, BOR in an individual participant was defined as the best response recorded from the start of the treatment until disease progression or recurrence. Only tumor assessments as assessed by the investigator and made up to and including 28 days after last intake of study medication in the primary study treatment phase not later than date of first curative surgery were included in these analyses. Responders were defined as the percentage of participants with a confirmed best overall response of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Superiority of the BV-containing arms was compared with the chemotherapy alone arms.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
BOR as Assessed by the IRC According to RECIST: Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
According to the RECIST criteria, the BOR in an individual participant was the best response recorded from the start of the treatment until disease progression/recurrence (taking the smallest measurements recorded since the baseline assessment as a reference for PD). The BOR as assessed by the IRC was determined based on tumor assessments that were made up to and including 28 days after last intake of study medication in the primary study treatment phase. Responders were defined as the percentage of participants with a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
BOR as Assessed by the IRC According to RECIST: Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
According to the RECIST criteria, the BOR in an individual participant was the best response recorded from the start of the treatment until disease progression/recurrence (taking the smallest measurements recorded since the baseline assessment as a reference for PD). The BOR as assessed by the IRC was determined based on tumor assessments that were made up to and including 28 days after last intake of study medication in the primary study treatment phase. Responders were defined as the percentage of participants with a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Superiority of the BV-containing arms was compared with the chemotherapy alone arms.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
Time to Treatment Failure (TTF) as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
Time to treatment failure was defined as the time from the date of randomization to the date of discontinuation of the primary study treatment phase due to adverse event/intercurrent illness, insufficient therapeutic response, death, failure to return, refusing treatment/being unwilling to cooperate, or withdrawing consent; discontinuation of the post study treatment phase due to adverse event, progressive disease, death, participant refusal/administrative reasons, or withdrawing consent; documented disease progression; or death due to any cause, whichever occurred first. The general approach took into account all tumor assessments obtained during the primary study treatment phase, the post-study treatment phase and those obtained during the follow-up phase.The on-treatment approach included only tumor assessments and deaths that occurred no later than 28 days after the last confirmed intake of any study medication in the primary study treatment phase only.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
Time to Treatment Failure as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
Time to treatment failure was defined as the time from the date of randomization to the date of discontinuation of the primary study treatment phase due to adverse event/intercurrent illness, insufficient therapeutic response, death, failure to return, refusing treatment/being unwilling to cooperate, or withdrawing consent; discontinuation of the post study treatment phase due to adverse event, progressive disease, death, participant refusal/administrative reasons, or withdrawing consent; documented disease progression; or death due to any cause, whichever occurred first. The general approach included all tumor assessments or deaths that occurred during the primary study treatment phase, the post-study treatment phase, or the follow-up phase. The on-treatment approach included only tumor assessments and deaths that occurred no later than 28 days after the last confirmed intake of any study medication in the primary study treatment phase only.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
Time to Response as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
For participants whose BOR was CR or PR, time to response was measured as the time from randomization to the first time when the measurement criteria for CR or PR (whichever status was recorded first) was met. It was based on tumor assessments made by the investigators according to the RECIST criteria. Results were reported as the number of participants achieving a response in 8 time categories from Week 1 to Week 54. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: Week 1 to Week 54
Time to Response as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
For participants whose BOR was CR or PR, time to response was measured as the time from randomization to the first time when the measurement criteria for CR or PR (whichever status was recorded first) was met. It was based on tumor assessments made by the investigators according to the RECIST criteria. Results were reported as the number of participants achieving a response in 8 time categories from Week 1 to Week 54. Superiority of the BV-containing arms was compared with the chemotherapy alone arms.
Time frame: Week 1 to Week 54
Duration of Overall Response as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
Duration of overall response was measured from the time that measurement criteria were first met for CR or PR (whichever status was recorded first) until the first date when progressive disease or death was documented. It was based on tumor assessments made by the investigators according to the RECIST criteria. Participants who neither progressed nor died were censored at the date of the last tumor assessment. Participants undergoing surgical resection with curative intent were censored at the date of surgery. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
Duration of Overall Response as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Superiority Analysis of Chemotherapy Plus Bevacizumab Versus Chemotherapy Alone
Duration of overall response was measured from the time that measurement criteria were first met for CR or PR (whichever status was recorded first) until the first date when progressive disease or death was documented. It was based on tumor assessments made by the investigators according to the RECIST criteria. Participants who neither progressed nor died were censored at the date of the last tumor assessment. Participants undergoing surgical resection with curative intent were censored at the date of surgery. Superiority of the BV-containing arms was compared with the chemotherapy alone arms.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
Duration of Complete Response as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Non-inferiority of XELOX Versus FOLFOX-4
For complete responders, the duration of complete response was measured from the time measurement criteria were first met for complete response until the date that progressive disease (or death) was documented. Non-inferiority of the XELOX-containing arms was compared with the FOLFOX-4-containing arms.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months
Duration of Complete Response as Assessed by the Investigator According to RECIST: Superiority of Chemotherapy Plus BV Over Chemotherapy Alone
For complete responders, the duration of complete response was measured from the time measurement criteria were first met for complete response until the date that progressive disease (or death) was documented. Superiority of the BV-containing arms was compared with the chemotherapy alone arms.
Time frame: From baseline until disease progression/recurrence, approximately 2 years 6 months