Effect of Phosphatidylcholine on Plasma Homocysteine in Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy males as assessed by the health and lifestyle questionnaire, physical examination and results of the pre-study laboratory tests * Body Mass Index (BMI) ≤ 33 kg/m2 * Normal Dutch eating habits, including use of breakfast * Willing not to use supplements containing B-vitamins, lecithin, choline (derivatives) or betaine from the oral information session until the end of the study * Voluntary participation * Having given their written informed consent * Willing to comply with the study procedures, including dietary restrictions * Willing to accept use of all nameless data, including publication, and the confidential use and storage of all data * Willing to accept the disclosure of the financial benefit of participation in the study to the authorities concerned Exclusion Criteria: * Participation in any clinical trial including blood sampling and/or administration of products up to 90 days before Day 01 of this study * Participation in any non-invasive clinical trial up to 30 days before Day 01 of this study * Having a history of medical or surgical events that may significantly affect the study outcome, including cardiovascular disease or hypertension * Use of medication known to interfere with homocysteine metabolism * Plasma total homocysteine concentrations \> 26 µmol/L * Plasma vitamin B6 concentrations ≤ 15 nmol/L * Serum vitamin B12 concentrations \< 138 pmol/L * Serum folic acid concentrations \< 5.0 nmol/L * Alcohol consumption \> 28 units/week * Reported unexplained weight loss or gain of \> 2 kg in the month prior to the pre-study screening * Reported slimming or medically prescribed diet * Reported food allergy * Reported vegan or macrobiotic * Use of B-vitamin supplements, lecithin, or supplements containing choline (derivatives) or betaine, more than once weekly \< 1 month before screening * Recent blood or plasma donation (\< 1 month prior to the start of the study) * Not willing to stop blood or plasma donation during the study * Personnel of TNO Nutrition and Food Research, their partner and their relatives in the first and second remove * Not having a general practitioner * Not willing to accept information-transfer concerning participation in the study, or information regarding his/her health, like laboratory results, findings at anamnesis or physical examination and eventual adverse events to and from his general practitioner