Combination Therapy Compared With Single-Drug Therapy in Patients With Cardiac Diseases

Inclusion Criteria: * Transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia (eight or more transfusion episodes in the previous year) * Left ventricular ejection fraction by MRI less than or equal to 56% by balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) or 63% by spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR) * Currently on treatment with subcutaneous or intravenous DFO; participants must be willing and able to chelate 7 days per week 12 - 24 hours per day * Serum ferritin greater than 1000 µg/L or ferritin between 500 µg/L and 1000 µg/L and cardiac T2\* less than 20 ms Exclusion Criteria: * Pacemaker, severe claustrophobia, or other contraindications to MRI; severe congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association Classification IV); congenital or acquired valvular heart disease significant enough to require surgery or medications * Currently receiving treatment for hepatitis; renal insufficiency defined by a clinically significant abnormal serum creatinine with a calculated creatinine clearance of less than 50 ml/min according to the Cockroft formula * A neutrophil count less than 1.5 x 109/L on two or more occasions at least 4 weeks apart within the past year and not associated with an acute viral illness or a platelet count less than 80 x 109/L on two or more occasions at least 4 weeks apart within the past year * Treatment with L1 or Exjade during the previous 2 weeks or previous adverse experience to L1 requiring suspension * Infection with HIV * Active participation in other investigational drug or device studies * Unwilling to consider treatment with DFO at a dose of 50-60 mg/kg 12-24 hours per day 7 days per week * Women who are pregnant or breast feeding * Systemic infection or cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, pulmonary, or gastrointestinal disease that would prevent patients from undergoing any of the study-required treatments or procedures or requires treatment with any contraindicated medication(s) * Presence of any other condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would make the patient unsuitable for enrollment or could interfere with the patient's compliance with the protocol; may include but is not limited to alcohol or drug abuse * For women of child-bearing potential, an inability or unwillingness to use a highly effective method of contraception (e.g., implants, injectables, combined oral contraceptives, or some intrauterine devices)