A combination of chemotherapy and radiation is often used to treat rectal cancer patients before surgery in an effort to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove as well as to help increase the chances of sphincter-sparing surgery. Many previous clinical studies have suggested that rectal cancer patients may survive longer if the surgery results in a pathological complete response - that is, the absence of any tumor cells in the surgical specimen. However, there is still controversy over this. This study attempts to start to answer this question by treating rectal cancer patients with a combination of chemotherapy drugs (oxaliplatin and capecitabine), a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibitor and radiation before surgery. The rates of pathologic complete response, sphincter-sparing surgery, and disease-free survival are some of the therapeutic endpoints that will be studied.
Improved regional control as demonstrated by a lower incidence of local recurrence after concurrent chemoradiation delivered either pre-operatively or post-operatively for resectable rectal cancer is supported by clinical trial data but the impact on overall survival with either approach remains controversial. An ideal regimen for preoperative chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer would include agents that are both potent radio-sensitizers and effective in treating micro-metastatic disease without excessive toxicity. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is over expressed in colorectal cancer, but the exact role of this over expression in tumorigenesis remains an active area of research. The area with the most potential in using cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in cancer treatment may be to use them as an adjunct to other modalities of treatment. Taking into consideration all the above, a previous pilot trial of neoadjuvant therapy with combined oxaliplatin, capecitabine, celecoxib (a COX-2 inhibitor), and radiation was conducted in four patients with operable rectal cancer. Promising results, including pain relief and downstaging of cancer, were observed. Therefore, this single-arm phase II trial of preoperative concurrent chemoradiation for patients with T3-4N0-2M0 rectal cancer was initiated to assess patient outcomes and explore the relationship between COX-2 expression in surgical specimens and therapeutic endpoints.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
38
Enrolled rectal cancer patients are treated with concurrent chemoradiation and celecoxib pre-operatively for at least 14 days. Definitive surgery is performed within 6 weeks from the end of treatment.
Hematology Oncology Associates
Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
University of New Mexico Cancer Center
Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
New Mexico Cancer Care Associates
Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
Pathologic Complete Response (PCR)
The pathologic complete response (PCR) rate will be calculated as the proportion of patients who achieve complete response out of all evaluable patients. PCR is defined as the total absence of residual tumor cells by microscopic examination of the resected surgical specimen, including all of the sampled lymph nodes.
Time frame: At surgery (up to 6 weeks after end of treatment)
Toxicity
All toxicities encountered during the study will be evaluated according to the grading system (0-5) NCI CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) version 3.0. Toxicity will be reported as the proportion of subjects experiencing Grades 3,4, and 5 adverse events (AEs) out of all evaluable patients
Time frame: Up to 3 years
Progression-free Survival (PFS)
The Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines (Version 1.0) will be used to determine tumor response and progression. Progressive disease (PD) for target lesions: \>= 20% increase in the sum of diameters of the target lesions taking as reference the smallest sum on study, and an absolute increase of at least 5 mm. The appearance of one or more new lesions is also considered . PD for non-target lesions is defined as unequivocal appearance of one or more new malignant lesions or unequivocal progression of existing non-target lesions. Time to progression will be measured from the time of surgery or clinically documented down staging if surgery for whatever reason is not carried in the subject until there is evidence of PD. Progression-free survival is reported as the percentage of patients who have not experienced progression of disease at three years post-surgery
Time frame: 3 years after surgery
Incidence of Sphincter-sparing Surgery
Incidence of sphincter-saving surgery is defined as the proportion of subjects who do not have permanent colostomy at the final follow-up out of all evaluable patients.
Time frame: At surgery (up to 6 weeks after end of treatment)
Surgical Downstaging Rate
Downstaging rate after neoadjuvant treatment with combination oxaliplatin, capecitabine, celecoxib and concurrent radiation is defined as the proportion of patients whose pathological stage (stage at surgery) is different from their clinical stage (stage at baseline)
Time frame: At surgery (up to 6 weeks after treatment)
Pelvic Local Control Rate
Pelvic local control rate is defined as the proportion of subjects who have no evidence of pelvic recurrence (by standard clinical assessment, including CT scan and clinical examination) at the final follow-up evaluation, out of all evaluable patients
Time frame: Up to 3 years after surgery
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