The purpose is to assess the response of subjects to etanercept (as compared to placebo) in treating the physical signs of mucosal and cutaneous lichen planus. The investigators also wish to assess the effect of etanercept on disease-related itching, pain, and serious adverse events in patients with lichen planus.
Lichen planus affects up to 1% of the worldwide population. Recent estimates suggest approximately 0.44% of the US population suffers from this disease. Oral or genital involvement occurs in 60-70% of patients, and it may be the sole manifestation of disease in 20-30% of patients. Lichen planus is a mucocutaneous disorder that can involve the skin, oral or genital mucosa, conjunctiva, and nails. On the skin, the disease presents as multiple papules, which can be localized or generalized, that are often extremely itchy. Mucosal disease can consist of either asymptomatic plaques or extremely painful erosive lesions. The disease course is unpredictable and typically lasts 1-2 years but can follow a chronic, relapsing course. Erosive mucosal disease is important to aggressively treat for many reasons: First, the associated pain can be debilitating for the patient. Patients with severe oral lichen planus can become malnourished due to pain associated with eating. Vulvar disease can cause dyspareunia, burning pain, and discharge; second, the disease tends to be chronic, with little chance for self-resolution; third, erosive disease is associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma in the affected areas. These cancers occur in up to 1% of patients over a 3-year period, and they can be aggressive and even-life threatening for the patient if not recognized and treated early. Several lines of evidence suggest that TNF-alpha plays a role in the pathogenesis of lichen planus. It has been shown that there are increased levels of TNF-alpha in the serum of these patients. In addition, skin and mucosal biopsies show increased TNF-alpha produced by the infiltrating lymphocytes as well as the basal keratinocytes. It has been suggested that the expression of TNF-alpha receptor on the basal keratinocytes may contribute to apoptosis. Also, TNFR1 (a TNF-alpha receptor) is expressed by the infiltrating mononuclear cells as well as the keratinocytes. Increased levels of soluble TNF receptors are also found in the serum of patients with lichen planus. A recent report also has shown that polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha gene are associated with both oral and cutaneous lichen planus. Finally, thalidomide, which partly functions as a potent inhibitor of TNF-alpha transcription, has been shown to be effective (in small case series and reports) in selected patients for the treatment of oral and genital lichen planus. However, thalidomide is a potent teratogen and cannot be used in women of childbearing potential. In addition, thalidomide usage not uncommonly results in neurotoxicity, which can be permanent, and thus limits use of this drug. Despite the evidence for a role of TNF-alpha in LP there are no reports of any TNF inhibitors being used for this disease. This is a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to observe the safety and efficacy of etanercept in patients with lichen planus. This study will consist of 3 periods: first, a double-blind period (weeks 0-12) in which subjects will be randomized to etanercept 50 mg twice weekly or placebo; second, an open-label period (weeks 12-24) in which subjects who were randomized to placebo treatment, who have not achieved a complete remission, will be rolled over to use etanercept at 50 mg twice weekly. Subjects who previously received etanercept during weeks 0-12, who have not achieved a complete remission, will be continued on etanercept at a lower dosage of 25 mg twice weekly for weeks 12-24; third, an 8 week follow-up period for all subjects.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
27
etanercept 50 mg twice weekly for 12 weeks
Stanford University Medical Center
Stanford, California, United States
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
University of Louisville
Louisville, Kentucky, United States
The Percentage of Patients Achieving a Response in Mucosal Disease (or Cutaneous Disease if no Mucosal Disease) at 12 Weeks
Physician global assessment of disease scores: 0=clear; 1=minimal disease; 2=mild disease; 3=moderate disease; 4=severe disease. Subjects had a level \>=3 at baseline. To be considered a responder, the subject must achieve a level of 0 or 1, or, at least a 2 point improvement in the scale.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Count of Patients Achieving a Response in Cutaneous or Mucosal Disease at 24 Weeks
Physician global assessment of disease scores: 0=clear; 1=minimal disease; 2=mild disease; 3=moderate disease; 4=severe disease. Subjects had a level \>=3 at baseline. To be considered a responder, the subject must achieve a level of 0 or 1, or, at least a 2 point improvement in the scale.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 24
The Physician Assessment of Surface Area of Disease (PSAD) for Oral Disease at 12 and 24 Weeks
The percentage of surface area involved with disease is reported as assessed by the physician using a Likert scale. Assessment scores range from 0-5, with lower scores corresponding lower percentage of surface area with disease. 0=clear, 1=\<2%, 2=2-9%, 3=10-29%, 4=30-50%, 5=\>50%.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 12; Week 24
The Physician Assessment of Surface Area of Disease (PSAD) for Genital Disease at 12 and 24 Weeks
The percentage of surface area involved with disease is reported as assessed by the physician using a Likert scale. Assessment scores range from 0-5, with lower scores corresponding lower percentage of surface area with disease. 0=clear, 1=\<2%, 2=2-9%, 3=10-29%, 4=30-50%, 5=\>50%.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 12; Week 24
The Physician Assessment of Surface Area of Disease (PSAD) for Skin Disease at 12 and 24 Weeks
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Tufts - New England Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
David Fivenson, M.D. Dermatology, PLLC
Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
New York, New York, United States
Wake Forest University School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
University Hospitals of Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
...and 2 more locations
The percentage of surface area involved with disease is reported as assessed by the physician using a Likert scale. Assessment scores range from 0-5, with lower scores corresponding lower percentage of surface area with disease. 0=clear, 1=\<2%, 2=2-9%, 3=10-29%, 4=30-50%, 5=\>50%.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 12; Week 24
Cutaneous Target Lesion Scores - Erythema, at 12 and 24 Weeks
This is an investigator-based assessment of a single preselected target skin lesion. Assessment scores range from 0-3 on a Likert scale, with higher scores meaning worse erythema. 0=clear, 1=mild/pink, 2=moderately red, 3=severely red/violaceous.
Time frame: Week 12; Week 24
Cutaneous Target Lesion Scores - Elevation, at 12 and 24 Weeks
This is an investigator-based assessment of a single preselected target skin lesion. Assessment scores range from 0-3 on a Likert scale, with higher scores meaning worse elevation. 0=flat, 1=barely palpable (\<0.5 mm), 2=moderate (0.5 mm-1 mm), 3=severe (\>1 mm).
Time frame: Week 12; Week 24
Cutaneous Target Lesion Scores - Scale, at 12 and 24 Weeks
This is an investigator-based assessment of a single preselected target skin lesion. Assessment scores range from 0-3 on a Likert scale, with higher scores meaning worse scaling. 0=none, 1=fine/dusty scale, 2=moderate scale, 3=thick/tenacious scale.
Time frame: Week 12; Week 24
Cutaneous Target Lesion Scores - Total, at 12 and 24 Weeks
This score sums all of the 3 elements of the target lesion score (erythema, elevation, scale) described in Outcome Measures 6-8. Assessment scores range from 0-9 on a Likert scale, with higher numbers meaning more severe disease in the target skin lesion.
Time frame: Week 12; Week 24
Patient Assessment of Pain on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 12 and 24 Weeks
Participants were asked to indicate their pain level by marking it on a 10 cm linear VAS scale. The number of centimeters from the left end of the line to the mark was measured in cm. Total range was 0-10. Lower scores correspond to less pain, higher scores correspond to more pain.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 12; Week 24
Patient Assessment of Pruritus (Itching) on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 12 and 24 Weeks
Participants were asked to indicate their itching level by marking it on a 10 cm linear VAS scale. The number of centimeters from the left end of the line to the mark was measured in cm. Total range was 0-10. Lower scores correspond to less itching, higher scores correspond to more itching.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 12; Week 24
Patient Assessment of Overall Disease Severity (Patient Global Assessment) at 12 and 24 Weeks
Participants were asked to indicate their rate their overall assessment of disease severity compared to where it was at their baseline visit. The scale ranges from 0-5, with lower scores correspond to more disease improvement. 0=clear/no disease, 1=much improved (\>75% improved), 2=improved (25-75%), 3=minimally improved (\<25%), 4=no change, 5=worsened disease.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 12; Week 24
The Count of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) by Week 12 and Week 24
A serious adverse event was defined as any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose: results in death, is life-threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 12; Week 24
The Count of Placebo Patients Who do Not Have a Complete Response (Defined as a Physician Global Assessment of "Clear") at 12 Weeks
A complete response is defined as a score of 0 (representing "no disease") on the Physician Global Assessment. Physician global assessment of disease scores: 0=clear; 1=minimal disease; 2=mild disease; 3=moderate disease; 4=severe disease. This endpoint is the number of patients on placebo that had any score other than 0 on this measure.
Time frame: 12 weeks
The Percentage of Placebo and Study-drug Patients Able to Discontinue Use of Topical Corticosteroids Through Week 24
Time frame: 24 weeks