A Phase 1/2a Study of the 2S,4R Enantiomer of Ketoconazole in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Male or female, age 18 to 70 2. Females are non-lactating and using adequate contraception, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator and negative serum pregnancy test if of child bearing potential (intact uterus and pre-menopausal) 3. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) for at least 6 months. Type 2 diabetes may be untreated or may be treated with diet and exercise only and/or pharmacologic therapy as in Inclusion Criterion 4 4. Pharmacologic treatment for type 2 DM may include the following and must be stable for \> 3 months Glucophage (Metformin) (\< maximum dose of 2550 mg) or Glucophage XR (\< maximum dose of 2000 mg) 5. HbA1C level of 6.5 to 10.9% 6. Fasting C-peptide level of greater than or equal to 0.8 nmol/L (2.4 ng/mL) 7. ACTH stimulation test results with any cortisol level (baseline, 30 or 60 minutes) of \>18 µg/dL 8. Normal thyroid stimulating hormone 9.12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) shows no acute ischemia or clinically significant abnormality 10.BMI of 26 to 40 kg/m2 11.Subjects with a history of hypertension may be on a stable anti-hypertensive regimen (except those drugs stated under Exclusion Criterion 7) for \> 2 months 12.Ability to comprehend and a willingness to provide informed consent Exclusion Criteria: 1. History of any atherosclerotic disorder (myocardial infarction, angina, cerebrovascular accident, peripheral vascular disease or congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic myocardial injury) that would, in the estimation of the Investigator, make it unsafe to stop all lipid lowering drugs during the course of the study 2. Known hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic reaction related to ketoconazole or other imidazole compounds 3. History of malignancy (except basal cell carcinoma) within the 3 years before the initial dose of the study medication 4. Excessive alcohol intake or drug abuse using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM IV), criteria 5. Any other clinically significant medical condition, as determined by the Investigator. These clinically significant medical conditions include proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neuropathic symptoms that limit activities of daily living 6. Participation in another clinical trial and/or treatment received with any investigational agent within one month before the initial dose of study medication 7. Concomitant therapy with the following: any antacid or ulcer medication, weight loss medications, oral or injected hypoglycemics (metformin is allowed) or insulin, steroids, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, midazolam, digoxin, coumarin derivatives, phenytoin, rifampin, loratadine, HIV protease inhibitors, spironolactone, thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers and erythromycin. Subjects taking lipid lowering medications may be enrolled if Investigator determines that subject does not have any conditions that preclude this cessation and subject is willing to stop such medications 21 days prior to Study Visit 1 through Study Visit 3 (Day 16) 8. History of HIV 9. Positive hepatitis B (HBsAg) or positive hepatitis C (Hepatitis C antibody) test during Screening 10. WBC count \<4000/µL or \>14,000/µL 11. Hemoglobin \<12.0 gm/dL in females and \<14.0 gm/dL in males 12. Any single hepatic enzyme (ALT, AST, AP and total bilirubin) is greater than the upper limit of the normal reference range used by the central laboratory 13. Creatinine \> 1.5 times the upper limit of normal 14. Known hypersensitivity to cosyntropin (ACTH) or any component of the formulation (mannitol or sodium chloride)