Postoperative Chemotherapy With or Without Bevacizumab for Patients With Stage II or III Rectal Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: * Histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the rectum meeting 1 of the following clinical (e.g., before neoadjuvant therapy) or pathologic staging criteria: * T3, N+, M0 * T3, N0, M0 * T4, N0, M0 * Any T, N1-2, M0 * T4, N0-2, M0 disease must meet 1 of the following criteria: * Clinically fixed tumor on rectal examination with tumor adherent to the pelvic sidewall or sacrum * Hydronephrosis on Computed Tomography (CT) scan or Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) * Ureteric or bladder invasion as documented by cystoscopy and cytology or biopsy * Invasion into prostate * Vaginal or uterine involvement * Must have undergone complete tumor resection \>= 28 days ago and able to begin treatment by day 56 * Must have undergone concurrent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy\* * NOTE: \*Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy received on protocol NSABP-R-04 allowed provided it met these criteria * Must have undergone prior radiotherapy at 40-55.8 Gy\*\* AND received 1 of the following chemotherapy regimens: * Continuous infusion of fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin; fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium * Capecitabine with or without oxaliplatin; capecitabine with or without oxaliplatin OR a continuous infusion of fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin received on protocol NSABP-R-04 * NOTE: \*\*Intensity-modulated radiotherapy allowed * ECOG performance status 0-1 * Platelet count \>= 100,000/mm\^3 * Absolute granulocyte count \>= 1,500/mm\^3 * Bilirubin normal (unless chronic grade 1 bilirubin elevation due to Gilbert's disease or similar syndrome due to slow conjugation of bilirubin) * Alkaline phosphatase (AP) \< 2.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \< 1.5 times ULN * Hepatitis B and C negative (for patients with AP \> normal) unless previously vaccinated * Serum creatinine =\< 1.5 times ULN * Urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratio \< 1.0 OR urine protein \< 1 g on 24-hour urine collection * International Normalized Ratio (INR) =\< 1.5 * INR \> 1.5 allowed provided patient is on full-dose anticoagulants AND meets all of the following criteria: * In-range INR (i.e., between 2 and 3) on a stable dose of warfarin or low molecular weight heparin * No active bleeding or pathological condition that is associated with a high risk of bleeding * Negative pregnancy test * Fertile patients must use effective contraception during and for at least 3 months after study treatment * No other previous or concurrent malignancy except nonmelanoma skin cancer, breast cancer in situ, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, or previously treated nonpelvic cancer that has been disease-free for \> 5 years * Patients with a history of breast cancer (without evidence of disease) who remain on hormonal therapy for \> 5 years are eligible * Patients with a history of hypertension must have blood pressure \< 150/90 mm Hg AND be on a stable regimen of antihypertensive therapy * No other prior chemotherapy or pelvic radiotherapy except as neoadjuvant treatment for current diagnosis of rectal cancer * Concurrent participation on protocol NSABP-R-04 allowed Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant or nursing * Evidence of metastatic disease on the surgical/intraoperative examination * Evidence of metastatic disease confirmed by CT scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound of the liver or chest CT scan or chest x-ray within the past 6 months * Evidence of tumor outside of the pelvis, including liver metastases, peritoneal seeding, or metastatic inguinal lymphadenopathy * Concurrent major surgery * Active bleeding not related to the primary rectal tumor within the past 6 months * Active inflammatory bowel disease or other serious medical illness which might limit the ability of the patient to receive protocol therapy * Active gastroduodenal ulcer determined by endoscopy * Serious or nonhealing wound, skin ulcer, or bone fracture * Clinically significant peripheral sensory or motor neuropathy \>= grade 2 * Nonmalignant systemic disease (e.g., cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic) that would preclude study treatment including, but not limited to, any of the following: * New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure * Concurrent symptomatic arrhythmia * Transient ischemic attack or cerebrovascular accident * Arterial thromboembolic event, unstable angina, or myocardial infarction within the past 12 months * Significant peripheral vascular disease * Psychiatric or addictive disorders or other conditions that, in the opinion of the investigator, would preclude study requirements * Significant traumatic injury within the past 28 days * Known allergy to platinum compounds * Prior invasive procedure, including either of the following: * Major surgical procedure or open biopsy within the past 28 days * Core biopsy or other minor procedure, except placement of a vascular access device, within the past 7 days