The trial seeks to determine if apixaban, an investigational anticoagulant (blood-thinner) is as effective as standard therapy (warfarin) in preventing stroke and systemic embolism in subjects with atrial fibrillation and risk factors for stroke.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
20,976
Number of Participants With First Event of Ischemic/Unspecified Stroke, Hemorrhagic Stroke, or Systemic Embolism (SE) During the Intended Treatment Period
All suspected efficacy events were adjudicated by the Central Events Committee (CEC). Diagnosis of stroke=the nontraumatic focal neurological deficit lasting at least 24 hours, and includes ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic conversion, stroke of uncertain type, and retinal ischemic event (embolism, infarction). Diagnosis of SE=clinical history consistent with an acute loss of blood flow to a peripheral artery (or arteries), supported by evidence of embolism from surgical specimens, autopsy, angiography, vascular imaging, or other objective testing.
Time frame: Time to first event in "Intended Treatment Period": started on day of randomization, ended at efficacy cut-off date (date target number of primary efficacy events [448] was expected to have occurred; set to 30-Jan-2011, prior to unblinding).
Rate of Adjudicated Stroke or Systemic Embolism (SE) During the Intended Treatment Period
Rate=Number of adjudicated stroke or SE events per 100 patient years. Diagnosis of stroke=the nontraumatic focal neurological deficit lasting at least 24 hours, and includes ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic conversion, stroke of uncertain type, and retinal ischemic event (embolism, infarction). Diagnosis of SE=clinical history consistent with an acute loss of blood flow to a peripheral artery (or arteries), supported by evidence of embolism from surgical specimens, autopsy, angiography, vascular imaging, or other objective testing.
Time frame: "Intended Treatment Period" started on the day of randomization and ended at the efficacy cut-off date (date on which it was expected that the target number of primary efficacy events [448] would have occurred; set to 30-Jan-2011, prior to unblinding).
Number of Participants With Event of Major (International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis [ISTH]) Bleeding During Treatment Period
ISTH Bleeding Criteria: Major bleeding=a bleeding event that was: clinically overt bleeding accompanied by a decrease in hemoglobin (Hgb) of 2 g/dL or more, and/or a transfusion of 2 or more units of packed red blood cells; bleeding that occurred in at least 1 of the following critical sites: intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular (within the corpus of the eye; a conjunctival bleed is not an intraocular bleed), pericardial, intra-articular, intramuscular with compartment syndrome, and retroperitoneal; bleeding that was fatal.
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Cardiovascular Associates, Pc
Birmingham, Alabama, United States
Alabama Internal Medicine Pc
Birmingham, Alabama, United States
Birmingham Heart Clinic P.C.
Birmingham, Alabama, United States
Heart Center, Inc.
Huntsville, Alabama, United States
Mobile Heart Specialists, Pc
Mobile, Alabama, United States
Clara V. Massey, Md
Mobile, Alabama, United States
Alaska Heart Institute
Anchorage, Alaska, United States
Internal Medicine Physicians Associates, P.C.
Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Southwest Heart
Tucson, Arizona, United States
Southern Arizona Va Health Care System
Tucson, Arizona, United States
...and 1101 more locations
Time frame: "Treatment Period" started with first dose of blinded study drug and ended 2 days after the last dose of blinded study drug. Mean duration of exposure to double-blind study drug was 1.7 years in each treatment group.
Rate of Adjudicated Major (ISTH) Bleed Events During Treatment Period
Rate=number of adjudicated major (ISTH) bleed events per 100 patient years. ISTH Bleeding Criteria: Major bleeding=a bleeding event that was: clinically overt bleeding accompanied by a decrease in hemoglobin (Hgb) of 2 g/dL or more and/or a transfusion of 2 or more units of packed red blood cells; bleeding that occurred in at least 1 of the following sites: intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular (within the corpus of the eye; a conjunctival bleed is not an intraocular bleed), pericardial, intra-articular, intramuscular with compartment syndrome, and retroperitoneal; bleeding that was fatal.
Time frame: "Treatment Period" started with first dose of blinded study drug and ended 2 days after the last dose of blinded study drug. Mean duration of exposure to double-blind study drug was 1.7 years in each treatment group.
Number of Participants With Events of All-Cause Death During the Intended Treatment Period
Death was defined as all-cause mortality. All unobserved deaths were assumed to be cardiovascular in nature unless a non-cardiovascular cause could be clearly provided. Cardiovascular=deaths due to ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, SE, myocardial infarction (MI), sudden death, heart failure, other cardiovascular, and unobserved deaths. Non-cardiovascular=all deaths due to a clearly documented non-cardiovascular cause (further classified into the categories: bleeding, study drug toxicity other than bleeding, malignancy, infection, trauma, and pulmonary causes of death).
Time frame: "Intended Treatment Period" started on the day of randomization and ended at the efficacy cut-off date (date on which it was expected that the target number of primary efficacy events [448] would have occurred; set to 30-Jan-2011, prior to unblinding).
Rate of Adjudicated All-Cause Death During the Intended Treatment Period
All unobserved deaths were assumed to be cardiovascular in nature unless a non-cardiovascular cause could be clearly provided. Cardiovascular=deaths due to ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, SE, MI, sudden death, heart failure, other cardiovascular, and unobserved deaths. Non-cardiovascular=all deaths due to a clearly documented non-cardiovascular cause (further classified into the categories: bleeding, study drug toxicity other than bleeding, malignancy, infection, trauma, and pulmonary causes of death).
Time frame: "Intended Treatment Period" started on the day of randomization and ended at the efficacy cut-off date (date on which it was expected that the target number of primary efficacy events [448] would have occurred; set to 30-Jan-2011, prior to unblinding).
Rate of Ischemic or Unspecified Stroke, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Systemic Embolism (SE), and Myocardial Infarction (MI) (as Individual Endpoints) During the Intended Treatment Period
Diagnosis for an acute or evolving MI=elevation of creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) or Troponin T or I ≥ 2 × the upper limit of normal (ULN), or if no CK-MB or troponin values are available, a total CK ≥ 2×ULN, or new, significant (≥0.04 s) Q waves in ≥2 contiguous leads. For descriptions of Stroke and SE, see Outcome Measure 1.
Time frame: "Intended Treatment Period" started on the day of randomization and ended at the efficacy cut-off date (date on which it was expected that the target number of primary efficacy events [448] would have occurred; set to 30-Jan-2011, prior to unblinding).
Rate of Ischemic or Unspecified Stroke, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Systemic Embolism (SE), Myocardial Infarction (MI) and All-Cause Death (ACD) (as Composite Endpoints) During the Intended Treatment Period
Diagnosis for an acute or evolving MI=elevation of CK-MB or Troponin T or I ≥ 2 × the ULN, or if no CK-MB or troponin values are available, a total CK ≥ 2×ULN, or new, significant (≥0.04 s) Q waves in ≥2 contiguous leads. For descriptions of Stroke and SE, see Outcome Measure 1. For description of ACD, see Outcome Measure 5.
Time frame: "Intended Treatment Period" started on the day of randomization and ended at the efficacy cut-off date (date on which it was expected that the target number of primary efficacy events [448] would have occurred; set to 30-Jan-2011, prior to unblinding).
Number of Warfarin/Vitamin K Antagonist (VKA) Naive Participants With Composite Stroke / Systemic Embolism (SE) / Major Bleeding During the Intended Treatment Period
For descriptions of Stroke and SE, see Outcome Measure 1. For description of Major bleeding, see Outcome Measure 3.
Time frame: "Intended Treatment Period" started on the day of randomization and ended at the efficacy cut-off date (date on which it was expected that the target number of primary efficacy events [448] would have occurred; set to 30-Jan-2011, prior to unblinding).
Rate of Composite Stroke / Systemic Embolism / Major Bleeding in Warfarin/Vitamin K Antagonist (VKA) Naive Participants During the Intended Treatment Period
Time frame: "Intended Treatment Period" started on the day of randomization and ended at the efficacy cut-off date (date on which it was expected that the target number of primary efficacy events [448] would have occurred; set to 30-Jan-2011, prior to unblinding).
Number of Participants With Events of Major or Clinically Relevant Nonmajor (CRNM) Bleed During Treatment Period
Major bleeding=bleeding that is clinically overt and that either resulted in a decrease in hemoglobin of 2 g/dL or more over a 24-hour period, led to a transfusion of 2 or more units of packed red blood cells, occurred in a critical site, or led to death. CRNM bleeding=bleeding that is clinically overt, that satisfies none of the additional criteria required for the event to be adjudicated as a major bleeding event, that led to either hospital admission for bleeding, physician-guided medical or surgical treatment for bleeding, or a change in antithrombotic therapy.
Time frame: "Treatment Period" started with first dose of blinded study drug and ended 2 days after the last dose of blinded study drug. Mean duration of exposure to double-blind study drug was 1.7 years in each treatment group.
Rate of Events of Major or Clinically Relevant Non-Major (CRNM) Bleed During Treatment Period
Rate=number of major or CRNM bleed events per 100 patient years. Major=clinically overt and either 1) resulted in a decrease in hemoglobin of 2 g/dL or more, or 2) led to a transfusion of 2 or more units of packed red blood cells, or 3) occurred in a critical site, or 4) led to death. CRNM bleeding=clinically overt, but satisfied no additional criteria required to be adjudicated as a major bleeding event, and led to either 1) hospital admission for bleeding or 2) physician guided medical or surgical treatment for bleeding or 3) a change in antithrombotic therapy.
Time frame: "Treatment Period" started with first dose of blinded study drug and ended 2 days after the last dose of blinded study drug. Mean duration of exposure to double-blind study drug was 1.7 years in each treatment group.
Number of Participants With All Bleeding Events During Treatment Period
All bleeding events include major bleeding, CRNM bleeding (see Outcome Measure 12 Description for definitions), plus events of minor bleeding and fatal bleeding. Minor bleeding: All acute clinically overt bleeding events not meeting the criteria for either major bleeding or clinically relevant non-major bleeding will be classified as minor bleeding. Fatal bleeding is defined as a bleeding event that the Clinical Events Committee determines is the primary cause of death or contributes directly to death.
Time frame: "Treatment Period" started with first dose of blinded study drug and ended 2 days after the last dose of blinded study drug. Mean duration of exposure to double-blind study drug was 1.7 years in each treatment group.
Rate of All Bleeding Events During Treatment Period
Rate=number of all bleeding events per 100 patient years. "All bleeding events" include major bleeding, CRNM bleeding (see Outcome Measure 12 Description for definitions), plus events of minor bleeding and fatal bleeding. Minor bleeding: All acute clinically overt bleeding events not meeting the criteria for either major bleeding or clinically relevant non-major bleeding will be classified as minor bleeding. Fatal bleeding is defined as a bleeding event that the Clinical Events Committee determines is the primary cause of death or contributes directly to death.
Time frame: "Treatment Period" started with first dose of blinded study drug and ended 2 days after the last dose of blinded study drug. Mean duration of exposure to double-blind study drug was 1.7 years in each treatment group.