Concomitant Utilization of Radio Frequency Energy for Atrial Fibrillation (CURE-AF) Study

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients must have a documented history of permanent AF (cardioversion failure) as defined by the ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines. 2. Concomitant indication (other than AF) for open-heart surgery for one or more of the following: * Mitral valve repair or replacement * Aortic valve repair or replacement * Tricuspid valve repair or replacement * Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair * Patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure * Coronary artery bypass procedures 3. Greater than or equal to 18 years of age 4. Able and willing to comply with study requirements by signing a consent form 5. Must be able to take the anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin) Exclusion Criteria: 1. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 2. NYHA Class = IV 3. Left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 30% 4. Need for emergent cardiac surgery (i.e. cardiogenic shock) 5. Previous ablation for atrial fibrillation, AV-nodal ablation, or surgical Maze procedure 6. Contraindication for anticoagulation therapy 7. Left atrial diameter \> 7.0 cm 8. Preoperative need for an intra-aortic balloon pump or intravenous inotropes 9. Renal failure requiring dialysis or hepatic failure 10. Life expectancy of less than one year 11. Pregnancy or desire to be pregnant within 12 months of the study treatment. 12. Current diagnosis of active systemic infection 13. Documented MI 6 weeks prior to study enrollment