Lithium for the Treatment of Pediatric Mania

Inclusion Criteria: 1. The patient was between the ages of 7 years and 17 years, 11 months at time of first dose. 2. The patient met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, as assessed by a semi-structured assessment (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Present and Lifetime \[KSADS-PL\]) and a separate clinical interview with a child/adolescent psychiatrist for manic or mixed episodes in Bipolar I disorder. 3. The patient had a score of ≥ 20 on the YMRS at screening and baseline. 4. The patient and legal guardian understood the nature of the study and were able to comply with protocol requirements. The legal guardian gave written informed consent and the youth, written assent. 5. Patients with comorbid conditions (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder \[ADHD\], conduct disorder) were eligible to participate. 6. If female: the patient was premenarchal, or was incapable of pregnancy because of a hysterectomy, tubal ligation, or spousal/partner sterility. If sexually active and capable of pregnancy, the patient must have been using an acceptable method of contraception (hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine device, spermicide and barrier) for at least 1 month prior to study entry and agreed to continue to use one of them for the duration of the study. If sexually abstinent and capable of pregnancy, the patient agreed to continue abstinence or to use of an acceptable method of birth control (either intrauterine device or spermicide and barrier) should sexual activity commence. 7. If female, the patient had a negative quantitative serum ß-human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone pregnancy test at screening and a negative qualitative urine pregnancy test at baseline, if female. 8. Patients with a history of substance abuse were eligible to participate if they agreed to continue to abstain from drugs during the trial and had a negative drug screen at screening or prior to baseline. 9. The patient was willing and clinically able to washout (approximately 5 half-lives) of exclusion medications during the screening period and prior to the administration of lithium. (No stable patients were asked to discontinue medications.) 10. The patient"s ECG and blood work (including complete blood count \[CBC\], electrolytes, etc.) showed no clinically significant abnormalities. Exclusion Criteria: 1. The patient was clinically stable on current medication regiment for bipolar disorder. 2. The patient had a current or lifetime diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (Austin Screening Questionnaire score \> 15), Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. 3. The patient had a current DSM-IV diagnosis of Substance Dependence. 4. The patient had a positive drug screen at screening and on retest 1-3 weeks later. 5. The patient had symptoms of mania that may have been attributable to a general medical condition, or secondary to use of medications (eg, corticosteroids) 6. The patient had evidence of any serious and/or unstable neurological illness for which treatment under the auspices of this study would have been contra-indicated. 7. The patient had any serious, unstable medical illness or clinically significant abnormal laboratory assessments that would adversely impact the scientific interpretability or unduly increase the risks of the protocol. 8. The patient had a current general medical condition including neurological disease, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, or renal dysfunction that might have been affected adversely by lithium, could have influenced the efficacy or safety of lithium, or would have complicated interpretation of study results. 9. The patient had evidence of current serious homicidal/suicidal ideation such that in the treating physician's opinion it was appropriately safe for the patient to participate in this study. 10. The patient had evidence of current active hallucinations and delusions such that in the treating physician's opinion it was not appropriately safe for the patient to participate in this study. 11. The patient had concomitant prescription of over-the-counter medication or nutritional supplements that would interact with lithium or the patient"s physical or mental status. 12. The patient had any use of psychotropic agents other than stimulants within the preceding 2 weeks, including antipsychotics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antidepressants; use of stimulants within the preceding week; or fluoxetine or depot antipsychotics within the past month. 13. The patient had current psychotherapy treatments provided outside the study initiated within 4 weeks prior to screening. 14. The patient had a previous adequate trial with lithium (at least 4 weeks with lithium serum levels between 0.8-1.2 mEq/L). 15. The patient had a history of allergy to lithium. 16. The patient had psychiatric hospitalization within 1 month of screening for psychosis or serious homicidal/serious suicidal ideation. 17. Clinician"s judgment was that the patient was not likely to be able to complete the study as an outpatient due to psychiatric reasons. 18. The patient had a history of lithium intolerance. 19. Females who were currently pregnant or lactating. 20. Sexually active females who, in the investigators" opinion, were not using an adequate form of birth control. 21. Patients who were unable to swallow the study medication. 22. Patients for whom a baseline YMRS score of \< 20 was anticipated. 23. Patients with an IQ \< 70 (determined using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence \[WASI\] Vocabulary and Matrix Reasons Subscales).