Efficacy of Lifestyle Interventions and Metformin for the Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain

Inclusion Criteria: * All participants met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ) criteria for schizophrenia27. * Participants were required to get weight gain more than 10% of their predrug body weight during less than 12 months of treatment with a targeted antipsychotic agent- clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone or sulpiride. * The duration of illness for all participants was less than 12 months. * Participants could be taking only one antipsychotic, whose dose had not changed by changed by more than 25% over the past 3 months. * All patients were stable outpatient. * The total score of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for all patients could be ≤60. * All participants were ensured that they could be carefully taken care of by one of their parents or guardians during the trial. Exclusion Criteria: * Participants were excluded from the study if they had evidence of liver or renal diseases, pregnant or lactating women, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension or diabetes mellitus, specific systemic diseases, or conditions that limited their ability to perform the lifestyle modifications, such as arthritis, pulmonary diseases, neurological or dietary restrictions.