Boosterability of Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Vaccine in Children Who Have Previously Received Inactivated JE Vaccine

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Overview

To facilitate introduction of live attenuated SA 14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis vaccine (LJEV) into the National Immunization Programme of Sri Lanka, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of co-administration of LJEV and measles vaccine in children at 2 and 5 years of age. The primary hypothesis was that the seropositivity rate at 28 days post vaccination of SA 14-14-2 in subjects 2 and 5 years of age who have already received at least two doses of mouse brain-derived inactivated JE vaccine is greater than 80%. Japanese encephalitis virus is the leading cause of viral neurological disease and disability in Asia. The severity of sequelae, together with the volume of cases, make JE the most important cause of viral encephalitis in the world. Approximately 3 billion people-including 700 million children-live in areas at risk in Asia for JE. JE most commonly infects children between the ages of 1 and 15 years, and can also infect adults in areas where the virus is newly introduced. More than 50,000 cases are reported annually and cause an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 deaths. This figure is believed to represent only a small proportion of the disease burden that actually exists.

JE virus is an arbovirus that causes a devastating neurological disease resulting in high rates of mortality or neurologic sequelae. The severity of sequelae, together with the volume of cases, makes JE an important cause of encephalitis. The disease is endemic across temperate and tropical zones of Asia,and because of its zoonotic cycle, eradicating JE from the environment is unrealistic. Universal childhood vaccination is essential for disease control. Concern in Japan over a rare but potentially dangerous adverse event associated with a mouse brain-derived vaccine led the manufacturer in Japan to discontinue production in 2005, thus limiting global supply of inactivated JE vaccines and raising costs for remaining inactivated vaccines. In August of 2006, the World Health Organization stated in its position paper on Japanese encephalitis vaccines that the mouse brain-derived vaccine should be replaced by a new generation of JE vaccines. In Sri Lanka, immunization against JE began in 1988. By 2006, two types of JE vaccines were available for use in Sri Lanka-inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine and live attenuated SA-14-14-2 JE vaccine (LJEV). Only the inactivated vaccine was being used in the country's public-sector immunization program. It is given to children in 3 doses, at 12 months of age, 13 months of age, and 2 years of age. A booster dose must also be given to children at 5 years of age. If Sri Lanka decides to replace the inactivated JE vaccine with the live attenuated JE vaccine, there will be many children who still need a 3rd or booster dose of the inactivated JE vaccine. This research study was done to see if the live attenuated vaccine would work well to replace the inactivated JE vaccine and if it is safe in Sri Lankan children. The study was conducted in three peri-urban health divisions of low JE endemicity in the District of Colombo.

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 2 YearsMax age: 5 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy child 2 years (±3 months) or 5 years (±3 months) of age at the enrollment visit. * Subject was a full-term infant. * Subject's parent or legal guardian is literate and willing to provide written informed consent. * Subject is up-to-date for all vaccinations recommended in the Sri Lankan childhood immunization schedule. Exclusion Criteria: * Enrolled in another clinical trial involving any therapy. * Subject and/or parent(s) or guardian(s) are unable to attend the scheduled visits or comply with the study procedures. * Received any non-study vaccine within 2 weeks prior to enrolment or refusal to postpone receipt of such vaccines until 28 days after study entry. * Prior or anticipated receipt of immune globulin or other blood products, or injected or oral corticosteroids or other immune modulator therapy except routine vaccines within 6 weeks of administration of study vaccine. Individuals on a tapering dose schedule of oral steroids lasting \<7 days may be included in the trial as long as they have not received more than one course within the last 2 weeks prior to enrolment. * History of documented or suspected encephalitis, encephalopathy, or meningitis. * History of measles. * History of Japanese encephalitis. * Serious adverse event related (i.e., possible, probably, definite) to previous receipt of any JE vaccine, if applicable. * Persistent inconsolable crying (\>3 hours) observed after previous receipt of any JE vaccine, if applicable. * Hypotonic - hyporesponsiveness after past receipt of any JE vaccine, if applicable. * Suspected or known hypersensitivity to any of the investigational or marketed vaccine components. * History of serious chronic disease (cardiac, renal, neurologic, metabolic, or rheumatologic). * Underlying medical condition such as inborn errors of metabolism, failure to thrive, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or any major congenital abnormalities requiring surgery or chronic treatment. * History of thrombocytopenic purpura. * History of seizures, including history of febrile seizures, or any other neurologic disorder. * Known or suspected immunologic function impairment of any kind and/or known HIV infection. * Parent with known or suspected immunologic function impairment of any kind and/or known HIV infection. * Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would pose a health risk to the participant or interfere with the evaluation of the study objectives.

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Percentage of Participants With Demonstrated Seropositivity for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Neutralizing Antibodies

Blood serum was collected immediately before administration (Day 0), Day 28, and 1 year later. Serum neutralizing antibodies to the Beijing-1 JE strain were measured by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) where the neutralizing titer was measured as the inverse dilution at which plaque counts were reduced by 50%. Seropositivity was defined as a titer of ≥ 1:10.

Time frame: Day 0 (pre-vaccination) and 28 days and 1 year post-vaccination

Secondary Outcomes

Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Neutralizing Antibodies

Time frame: Day 0 and 28 days and 1 year post-vaccination

Number of Participants With Immediate Reactions, Local and Systemic Reactions, and Unsolicited Adverse Events (AE)

Participants were monitored for immediate AEs and local reactions for 30 minutes after each injection by a study physician. Thereafter, parents recorded axillary temperature, local reactions (redness, swelling, pain, and other local reactions), and systemic symptoms (high-grade fever, anorexia, crying, diarrhea, drowsiness, insomnia, irritability, vomiting, and other systemic symptoms) in a study diary for 7 days afterwards. Study staff called the participants' parents 2 days after vaccination and monthly through 1 year to inquire about the child's well being and review the diary card. The participant was visited at home on Day 7 to review and collect the reactogenicity diary card. The participant returned to the vaccination clinic on Day 28, 6 months, and 1 year to be examined, have a blood draw, and review any AEs or serious adverse events (SAE) with parents.

Time frame: Day 0 and 28 days and 1 year post-vaccination

Number of Participants Experiencing Solicited Local Reactions Up to 3 Days Post-vaccination

Parents recorded local reactions (redness, swelling, pain, and other local reactions) in a study diary. Events were assessed by the clinician to quantify intensity using the following guidelines: * Mild: Events required minimal or no treatment and do not interfere with the child's functioning. * Moderate: Events resulted in a low level of concern with therapeutic measures. Moderate events may cause some interference with functioning. * Severe: Events interrupted the child's functioning and may have required systemic drug therapy or other treatment. Severe events are usually incapacitating.

Time frame: 3 days post-vaccination

Number of Participants Experiencing Solicited Systemic Reactions up to 7 Days Post-vaccination

Parents recorded axillary temperature and systemic symptoms (high-grade fever, anorexia, crying, diarrhea, drowsiness, insomnia, irritability, vomiting, and other systemic symptoms) in a study diary for 7 days after vaccination. The participant was visited at home on Day 7 to review and collect the reactogenicity diary card. Events were assessed by the clinician to quantify intensity using the following guidelines: * Mild: Events required minimal or no treatment and do not interfere with the child's functioning. * Moderate: Events resulted in a low level of concern with therapeutic measures. Moderate events may cause some interference with functioning. * Severe: Events interrupted the child's functioning and may have required systemic drug therapy or other treatment. Severe events are usually incapacitating.

Time frame: 7 days post-vaccination

Boosterability of Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Vaccine in Children Who Have Previously Received Inactivated JE Vaccine

Overview

Conditions

Interventions

Eligibility

Locations (3)

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes