CONcomitant eValuation of Epicor Left atRial Therapy for AF

Inclusion Criteria: * 18-80 years old * Permanent AF defined as continuous AF lasting \> one year OR non self-terminating AF lasting \> seven days but no more than one year with at least one failed DC cardioversion * Have a concomitant indication for open chest and/or open heart surgery for one or more of the following: mitral valve repair or replacement, aortic valve repair or replacement, tricuspid valve repair or replacement, patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure or coronary artery bypass surgery * Be able to take anticoagulation therapy * Be able to fulfill study requirements * Be able to sign study-specific informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of a previously implanted device in or adjacent to the treatment target area that may alter the delivery of therapy * Prior cardiac surgery * Presence of active endocarditis, local or system infection * Presence of advanced heart failure (NYHA class \> II, \& LVEF \< 20%) * Intraaortic balloon pump, IV inotropes or vasoactive agents within 30 days * Emergent cardiac surgery due to acute MI or acute mitral regurgitation * Life expectancy \< 1 year * Major or progressive non-cardiac disease * Presence of left atrial thrombi * Left atrial diameter \> 6.0 cm * Any condition that prevents investigator from safely performing procedure * Positive urine or serum pregnancy test * Prior left atrial ablation * Currently participating in another clinical research study