The purpose of this study is to determine whether the phytoestrogen genistein is effective in improving bone condition in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women suffering for osteopenia. Since, during the study the investigators realized that at least 70% of post-menopausal recruited women suffered for metabolic syndrome (MS), we have added only in these women, as secondary outcome measures, the evaluation of markers of cardiovascular risk.
MS prevalence increases after the onset of menopause, because of estrogen deficiency. It is still not clear if menopause itself increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in al women or only in those that develop MS. Many MS patients that show slight modification in cardiovascular and metabolic parameters are not generally pharmacologically treated since diabetes or alteration in the lipid profile are not evidenced. In this respect it is of importance to develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat MS. Genistein (4,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), shown a potentially preventive role on the cardiovascular apparatus in post-menopausal women, may be termed as selective ER modulator (SERM), since it reveals both ER-alpha full agonist and ER-beta partial agonist activity. The investigators studied whether genistein may represent an efficacious and safe alternative for reducing vascular risk in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. The clinical study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 150 patients with metabolic syndrome. After a 4-week stabilization on a standard fat-reduced diet, participants were randomly assigned to receive either phytoestrogen genistein (54 mg/day) or placebo for 6 months. At baseline and following treatment fasting plasma glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid concentrations, plasma total homocysteine, leptin, adiponectin and visfatin were measured. Bioimpedentiometric and nutritional analysis, as well as a safety assessment of the endometrium and vagina were also performed.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE
Enrollment
120
University of Magnia Graecia
Catanzaro, Italy, Italy
University of Palermo
Palermo, Italy, Italy
Azienda Policlinico Universitario, G. Martino
Messina, Italy
markers of bone reabsorption: CTX (C-telopeptide of type I collagen ) and of bone formation: bone ALP (Alkaline phosphatase), plus calcaneus ultrasonography variation values
Time frame: baseline and six months for markers of bone reabsorption, while baseline and 12 months for evaluation of calcaneus ultrasonography variation values
homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
HOMA-IR was calculated using the following formula: fasting glucose (mg/dl) X fasting insulin (uIU/ml)/22.5.
Time frame: change from baseline at 6 and 12 months
body mass index
The body mass index (BMI) is calculated by dividing the weight measured in kilograms by the square of the height measured in metres \[i.e. BMI = Weight (kg)/ Height (m)\]2.
Time frame: baseline, 6 months and 12 months
Blood pressure
Three seated blood pressure measurements were taken on the right arm with a sphygmomanometer after the participant had been resting for at least 5 min. Blood pressure values were based on the average of the second and third measurements.
Time frame: basal, 6 and 12 months
Metabolic variables
Fasting glucose and insulin were measured in serum collected after an overnight fast using routine methods. Total cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were measured by using a routine enzymatic method, and the Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) level was calculated by using the Friedewald formula: \[Total cholesterol (mg/dL) - High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) (mg/dL) - triglycerides (mg/dL)/5\].
Time frame: basal, 6 and 12 months
Inflammatory markers
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Serum visfatin, adiponectin, and homocysteine were measured by using an immunoenzymatic assay was measured by using an immunoenzymatic assay.
Time frame: basal, 6 and 12 months
Adverse events
Participants were asked about symptoms at clinic visits every 6 months. Standard clinical evaluations and laboratory analyses, including hematologic, renal, and liver function tests, were done every 6 months. Endometrial thickness was evaluated by using ultrasonography at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year. The endometrial thickness was measured in the sagittal plane from 1 basal layer to the other. If the endometrial thickness was 8 mm or greater or if uterine bleeding occurred, hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy were performed. All unfavorable and unintended clinical effects were considered adverse effects and were evaluated for severity, duration, seriousness, and relation to the study drug and outcome.
Time frame: basal, 6 and 12 months