A Dose Escalation and Safety Study of I5NP in Patients Undergoing Major Cardiovascular Surgery

Inclusion Criteria (before surgery): * Patient age between 21 years and 85 years old * Patient is capable of giving consent * Patient is willing and able to comply with the visit schedule and study procedures including post-hospitalization discharge follow-up * Patient is undergoing non-emergent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and/or valve replacement surgery * Patient has a cumulative score of 0 to 8 on the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) risk factor scale * The patient reports that they are up to date and have had normal findings on their age- and sex-appropriate cancer screening, per American Cancer Society guidelines, for breast cancer, cervical cancer, rectal cancer, and prostate cancer. If a patient is not up to date, the relevant screening test must be performed and a normal result documented prior to dosing. Inclusion Criteria (during surgery): * Patient must have been on cardiopulmonary bypass machine (CBM) Inclusion Criteria (after surgery): * Patient must be in the ICU for dosing to facilitate study procedures including PK blood draws and PK urine sampling Exclusion Criteria (before surgery): * Patient has undergone any organ transplant * Patient who has had cancer or may be predisposed to develop cancers such as those with family history of cancers in multiple relatives {i.e., Familial Polyposis Coli, those with family history of Von Hippel Landau disease (associated with renal cell cancers and renal cysts) and those with family history of Li-Fraumeni syndrome (associated with inherited mutations of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene)} * Patient has a history of any abnormality on chest X-ray that could represent a malignancy * Patient has a clinically significantly elevated pancreatic and/or hepatic enzyme level, defined as any grade 2, 3 or 4 value according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0 * Patient has an underlying medical condition which increases the risk of perioperative complications, such as poorly controlled diabetes mellitus or hypertension or significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * Women of childbearing potential are to be excluded from this study. Every female subject is considered of childbearing potential unless she has had sterilization surgery, or is post-menopausal. * Women 21-59, post-menopausal is defined as no menses for at least 12 months and an elevated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level. * Women 60-85, post-menopausal is defined as no menses in at least 12 months. * Patient has participated in a study of an experimental therapy in the last 30 days * Patient is currently receiving immunosuppressive therapy \[this criterion does NOT apply to topical steroids and inhalation steroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or asthma\] * Patient requires pre-operative dialysis or is currently on dialysis * Patient is undergoing aortic aneurism repair * Pre-operative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation * Pre-operative tracheotomy, or mechanical ventilation * Patient has Intra-Arterial Balloon Pump (IABP) or other Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) * Evidence that patient is experiencing possible AKI prior to surgery, defined as a \> 1.5 times increase in serum creatinine from screening to any time prior to surgery * Baseline serum creatinine \> 3.0 mg/dL and/or an estimated GFR of \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, as calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease \[MDRD\] Study equation: eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) = \[186 x (SCr)\] - \[1.154 x (Age)\] - \[0.203 x (0.742 if female or 1.210 if African-American female)\] where SCr: serum creatinine in mg/dL and age is in years * Patient has comfort measures only or do not resuscitate (DNR) status * Patient is participating in a concurrent interventional study * Patient has received intravenous contrast material \< 48 hours prior to surgery * In the opinion of the investigator a pre-operative concomitant disease or clinical finding such as an abnormality in clinical lab results, chest X-ray, EKG, or physical examination finding that significantly raises the risk of perioperative complications precludes dosing of the patient Exclusion Criteria (during surgery): * Patient on CBM for \> 3 hours * Patient experienced major blood loss (\>15 units) * Use of balloon pump or other LVAD during surgery; * In the opinion of the investigator, an intra-operative complication precludes dosing of the patient Exclusion Criteria (2-3 days post-removal of CBM): * Cardiac Index \< 2.1 L/min/m2 (applies only to patients with a Swan-Ganz or other PA catheter) * Patient has a body temperature ≥ 40 °C * Use of IABP post-surgery * Fluid imbalance in excess of 15 liters * PaO2:FiO2 \< 250 * Patient receiving ≥ 3 concurrent vasopressors to maintain hemodynamic stability * In the opinion of the investigator a post-operative complication precludes dosing of the patient