Stenting vs. Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis

INCLUSION CRITERIA 1. Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or non-severe stroke within 30 days of enrollment attributed to 70-99% stenosis of a major intracranial artery (carotid artery, MCA stem (M1), vertebral artery, or basilar artery) • may be diagnosed byTranscranial Doppler (TCD), Magnetic Resonance Angiogram (MRA), or computed tomography angiography (CTA) to qualify for angiogram performed as part of the study protocol but must be confirmed by catheter angiography for enrollment in the trial 2. Modified Rankin score of ≤ 3 3. Target area of stenosis in an intracranial artery that has a normal diameter of 2.00 mm to 4.50 mm 4. Target area of stenosis is less than or equal to 14 mm in length 5. Age ≥ 30 years and ≤ 80 years. • Patients 30-49 years are required to meet at least one additional criteria (i-vi) provided in the table below to qualify for the study. This additional requirement is to increase the likelihood that the symptomatic intracranial stenosis in patients 30-49 years is atherosclerotic. i. insulin dependent diabetes for at least 15 years ii. at least 2 of the following atherosclerotic risk factors: hypertension (BP \> 140/90 or on antihypertensive therapy); dyslipidemia (LDL \> 130 mg /dl or HDL \< 40 mg/dl or fasting triglycerides \> 150 mg/dl or on lipid lowering therapy); smoking; non-insulin dependent diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes of less than 15 years duration; family history of any of the following: myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass, coronary angioplasty or stenting, stroke, carotid endarterectomy or stenting, peripheral vascular surgery in parent or sibling who was \< 55 years of age for men or \< 65 for women at the time of the event ii. history of any of the following: myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass, coronary angioplasty or stenting, carotid endarterectomy or stenting, or peripheral vascular surgery for atherosclerotic disease iv. any stenosis of an extracranial carotid or vertebral artery, another intracranial artery, subclavian artery, coronary artery, iliac or femoral artery, other lower or upper extremity artery, mesenteric artery, or renal artery that was documented by non-invasive vascular imaging or catheter angiography and is considered atherosclerotic v. aortic arch atheroma documented by non-invasive vascular imaging or catheter angiography vi. any aortic aneurysm documented by non-invasive vascular imaging or catheter angiography that is considered atherosclerotic 6. Negative pregnancy test in a female who has had any menses in the last 18 months 7. Patient is willing and able to return for all follow-up visits required by the protocol 8. Patient is available by phone 9. Patient understands the purpose and requirements of the study, can make him/herself understood, and has provided informed consent EXCLUSION CRITERIA 1. Tandem extracranial or intracranial stenosis (70%-99%) or occlusion that is proximal or distal to the target intracranial lesion (NOTE: an exception is allowed if the occlusion involves a single vertebral artery proximal to a symptomatic basilar artery stenosis and the contralateral vertebral artery is supplying the basilar artery) 2. Bilateral intracranial vertebral artery stenosis of 70%-99% and uncertainty about which artery is symptomatic (e.g. if patient has pontine, midbrain, or temporal - occipital symptoms) 3. Stenting, angioplasty, or endarterectomy of an extracranial (carotid or vertebral artery) or intracranial artery within 30 days prior to expected enrollment date 4. Previous treatment of target lesion with a stent, angioplasty, or other mechanical device, or plan to perform staged angioplasty followed by stenting of target lesion 5. Plan to perform concomitant angioplasty or stenting of an extracranial vessel tandem to an intracranial stenosis 6. Presence of intraluminal thrombus proximal to or at the target lesion 7. Any aneurysm proximal to or distal to stenotic intracranial artery 8. Intracranial tumor (except meningioma) or any intracranial vascular malformation 9. CT or angiographic evidence of severe calcification at target lesion 10. Thrombolytic therapy within 24 hours prior to enrollment 11. Progressive neurological signs within 24 hours prior to enrollment 12. Brain infarct within previous 30 days of enrollment that is of sufficient size (\> 5 cms) to be at risk of hemorrhagic conversion during or after stenting 13. Any hemorrhagic infarct within 14 days prior to enrollment 14. Any hemorrhagic infarct within 15 - 30 days that is associated with mass effect 15. Any history of a primary intracerebral (parenchymal) hemorrhage (ICH) 16. Any other intracranial hemorrhage (subarachnoid, subdural, epidural) within 30 days 17. Any untreated chronic subdural hematoma of greater than 5 mm in thickness 18. Intracranial arterial stenosis due to arterial dissection, Moya Moya disease; any known vasculitic disease; herpes zoster, varicella zoster or other viral vasculopathy; neurosyphilis; any other intracranial infection; any intracranial stenosis associated with Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis; radiation induced vasculopathy; fibromuscular dysplasia; sickle cell disease; neurofibromatosis; benign angiopathy of central nervous system; post-partum angiopathy; suspected vasospastic process, suspected recanalized embolus 19. Presence of any of the following unequivocal cardiac sources of embolism: chronic or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis, mechanical valve, endocarditis, intracardiac clot or vegetation, myocardial infarction within three months, dilated cardiomyopathy, left atrial spontaneous echo contrast, ejection fraction less than 30% 20. Known allergy or contraindication to aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, nitinol, local or general anesthesia 21. History of life-threatening allergy to contrast dye. If not life threatening and can be effectively pretreated, patient can be enrolled at physician's discretion 22. Active peptic ulcer disease, major systemic hemorrhage within 30 days, active bleeding diathesis, platelets \< 100,000, hematocrit \< 30, International normalized ratio (INR) \> 1.5, clotting factor abnormality that increases the risk of bleeding, current alcohol or substance abuse, uncontrolled severe hypertension (systolic pressure \> 180 mm Hg or diastolic pressure \> 115 mm Hg), severe liver impairment Aspartate Transaminase (AST) or Alanine transaminase (ALT) \> 3 x normal, cirrhosis, creatinine \> 3.0 (unless on dialysis) 23. Major surgery (including open femoral, aortic, or carotid surgery) within previous 30 days or planned in the next 90 days after enrollment 24. Indication for warfarin or heparin beyond enrollment (NOTE: exceptions allowed for use of systemic heparin during stenting procedure or subcutaneous heparin for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis while hospitalized) 25. Severe neurological deficit that renders the patient incapable of living independently 26. Dementia or psychiatric problem that prevents the patient from following an outpatient program reliably 27. Co-morbid conditions that may limit survival to less than 3 years 28. Pregnancy or of childbearing potential and unwilling to use contraception for the duration of this study 29. Enrollment in another study that would conflict with the current study