Total Marrow Irradiation for Refractory Acute Leukemia

Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota12 enrolled

Overview

RATIONALE: Giving chemotherapy and total marrow irradiation before a donor umbilical cord blood or hematopoietic stem cell transplant helps stop the growth of cancer cells. It may also stop the patient's immune system from rejecting the donor's stem cells. When the healthy stem cells from a donor are infused into the patient they may help the patient's bone marrow make stem cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Sometimes the transplanted cells from a donor can make an immune response against the body's normal cells. Giving cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil after the transplant may stop this from happening. PURPOSE: This phase I trial is studying the side effects and best dose of total marrow irradiation when given together with combination chemotherapy and umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cell transplant in treating patients with acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia or multiple myeloma that did not respond to previous therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Primary * Determine the maximum tolerated dose of total marrow irradiation (TMI) delivered by image-guided tomographic intensity-modulated radiotherapy when administered in combination with myeloablative chemotherapy in patients undergoing double umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell for refractory acute leukemia. Secondary * Determine the incidence of engraftment (defined as achievement of neutrophil count \> 500/uL at 42 days after transplantation). * Determine the incidence of platelet engraftment at 6 months and at 1 year after transplantation. * Evaluate the incidence of complete donor chimerism and the relative contribution of each UCB unit to donor engraftment within the first 100 days after transplantation. * Determine the incidence of transplantation-related mortality (TRM) at 6 months after treatment with a TMI-containing myeloablative conditioning regimen. * Determine the incidence of grade II-IV and grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) at 100 days after transplantation. * Determine the incidence of chronic GVHD at 1 year after transplantation. * Determine the incidence of relapse at 1 year after transplantation. * Determine the survival and disease-free survival at 1 and 2 years after transplantation. * Assess the durability of remission based on presence of rapid early response (defined by clearance of leukemic blasts from the bone marrow at 21 days after transplantation). OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation study of total marrow irradiation (TMI). * Myeloablative conditioning regimen: Patients receive fludarabine phosphate IV over 1 hour once daily for 3 days between days -12 and -6 and cyclophosphamide IV once daily for 2 days between days -11 and -6. Patients undergo TMI once daily for 4-8 days between days -8 and -1. * Donor umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation: Patients undergo single-unit or double-unit donor UCB transplantation on day 0. Patients receive filgrastim (G-CSF) IV or subcutaneously once daily beginning on day 1 and continuing until blood counts recover. * Related Donor: Related donor bone marrow will be collected (target cell dose 5x10\^8 nucleated cells/kg recipient weight, minimum 3x10\^8 nucleated cells/kg recipient weight) and infused without processing on day 0. * Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis: Patients receive cyclosporine IV over 2 hours or orally 2-3 times daily beginning on day -3 and continuing until day 100, followed by a taper until day 180, in the absence of GVHD. Patients also receive mycophenolate mofetil IV or orally 2-3 times daily beginning on day -3 and continuing until day 30 (or 7 days after engraftment), in the absence of acute GVHD. Patients are followed periodically for up to 2 years after transplantation.

Interventions

cyclophosphamideDRUG

60 mg/kg/day intravenous x 2 days pre-transplant, total dose 120 mg/kg

cyclosporineDRUG

Beginning on Day -3 pre-transplant maintaining a level of \>200 ng/mL. CSA dosing will be monitored and altered as clinically appropriate by Pharm D or physician, and discontinue at approximately day + 180 post-transplant.

FludarabineDRUG

25 mg/m2/day intravenous as a 1 hour infusion for consecutive 3 days pre-transplant, total dose 75 mg/m2

mycophenolate mofetilDRUG

Beginning on day -3, use intravenous route between days -3 and +5, followed by oral administration on Day +6 through +30, if tolerated. 15mg/kg/dose for patients \<40 kg, 3 gm/day for patients \>40 kg.

total marrow irradiationRADIATION

Dose escalating schedule per Cohort (TMI: 300 cGy) once daily.

umbilical cord blood transplantationPROCEDURE

product will be infused via intravenous drip on Day 0 according to current University of Minnesota guidelines for Umbilical Cord Blood Grafts

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factorBIOLOGICAL

5 mcg/kg/day intravenous or subcutaneous based on body weight beginning on Day +1 after umbilical cord blood infusion until absolute neutrophil count exceeds 2.5 x 10\^9/L for 3 consecutive days.

Related donor bone marrow or mobilized stem cells will be collected (target cell dose 5x10\^8 nucleated cells/kg recipient weight, minimum 3x10\^8 nucleated cells/kg recipient weight) and infused without processing on day 0 according to University of Minnesota Blood and Marrow Transplant Program guidelines.

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMax age: 55 Years

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Acute lymphoblastic leukemia * ≥ Complete remission 2 (CR2) (adults ≥ 18 years and ≤ 55 years) * CR2 in pediatrics (defined as \<18 years) and \<12 months duration of first remission * ≥ CR3 or not in remission (pediatric patients \<18 years) * T cell leukemia ≥ CR2 * Evidence of pre-transplant minimal residual disease (MRD) by flow cytometry, FISH or cytogenetics * Myelodysplastic syndrome * ≤ 55 years of age and ≥ 10% blasts, not responsive to hypomethylating agents and/or conventional therapy * Acute myeloid leukemia * Not in remission (pediatric patients \<18 years) * Not in remission (10-30% blasts in the bone marrow for adult patients ≥18 years and ≤ 55 years) * Evidence of pre-transplant minimal residual disease (MRD) by flow cytometry, FISH or cytogenetics * Multiple myeloma * No prior autologous transplant and fitting into one of the following disease categories: * Early disease stage (CR1/PR1) with high-risk molecular features * Early disease stage (CR1/PR1) with high-risk clinical features * Late disease stage (CR2/PR2+) with high-risk clinical features * Other high risk hematologic malignancies - to be approved by 2 or more hematology/oncology and BMT physicians * Patients with prior CNS involvement are eligible provided that it has been treated and is in remission. CNS therapy (chemotherapy or radiation) should continue as medically indicated during the protocol. * Have acceptable organ function within 14 days of study registration defined as: * Renal: glomerular filtration rate \> 60ml/min/1.73m2 * Hepatic: bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) \< 5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) * Pulmonary function: Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity corrected (DLCOcorr) \> 50% of normal, (oxygen saturation \[\>92%\] can be used in child where pulmonary function tests (PFT's) cannot be obtained) * Cardiac: left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 45% by echocardiogram (ECHO) or multi gated acquisition scan (MUGA) * Karnofsky performance status (PS) \>80% for ages 16 years and older or Lansky Play Score \>50 for \< 16 years * An acceptable source of stem cells according to current University of Minnesota BMT program guidelines: * UCB graft will be composed of two partially HLA matched units. Each unit must be matched at 4-6 HLA loci to the recipient and to each other. If two matched units are not available, then a single HLA 4-6 matched unit may be used if of adequate cell dose - total graft dose must be \>3 x 107 MNC/kg * HLA-matched related donor (6/6 or 5/6 antigen match) * HLA-matched unrelated adult donor (if previously identified) * Women of childbearing potential must agree to use adequate contraception (diaphragm, birth control pills, injections, intrauterine device \[IUD\], surgical sterilization, subcutaneous implants, or abstinence, etc.) for the duration of treatment. * Voluntary written consent Exclusion Criteria: * Active uncontrolled infection at time of enrollment or documented fungal infection within 3 months. * Evidence of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection * Pregnant or breast feeding. The agents used in this study may be teratogenic to a fetus and there is no information on the excretion of agents into breast milk. All females of childbearing potential must have a blood test or urine study within 2 weeks prior to registration to rule out pregnancy. * Prior myeloablative transplant within the last 6 months * Prior total body irradiation (TBI) making total marrow irradiation (TMI) not feasible

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of total marrow irradiation (TMI)

Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is the highest dose of a drug or treatment that does not cause unacceptable side effects. The MTD of TMI will be determined by using the modified Continual Reassessment Method (CRM). The goal of this CRM will be to identify 1 of the 5 dose levels which corresponds to the desired maximum toxicity rate of \<=15%.

Time frame: Day 42 and 6 months

Secondary Outcomes

Incidence of neutrophil engraftment

Neutrophil engraftment is defined as the first day of three consecutive days where the neutrophil count (absolute neutrophil count) is 500 cells/mm3 (0.5 x 109/L) or greater.

Time frame: Day 42

Incidence of platelet engraftment

Platelet engraftment is defined as 20,000/mm\^3 (20 x 10\^9/L) for 3 consecutive days unsupported by a platelet transfusion.

Time frame: 6 Months and 1 Year After Transplantation

Incidence of complete donor chimerism

Defined as a state in bone marrow transplantation in which bone marrow and host cells exist compatibly without signs of graft-versus-host rejection disease.

Time frame: Day 100

Incidence of transplantation-related mortality

In the field of transplantation, toxicity is high and all deaths without previous relapse or progression are usually considered as related to transplantation.

Time frame: 6 Months

Incidence of grade II-IV and grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after transplantation

Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease is a severe short-term complication created by infusion of donor cells into a foreign host.

Time frame: Day 100

Incidence of chronic GVHD after transplantation

Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease is a severe long-term complication created by infusion of donor cells into a foreign host.

Time frame: 1 Year

Incidence of relapse after transplantation

The return of disease after its apparent recovery/cessation.

Time frame: 1 Year

Disease-free survival after transplantation

Disease-free survival (progression-free survival \[PFS\]) is the length of time during and after medication or treatment during which the disease being treated (usually cancer) does not get worse. It is sometimes used as a metric to study the health of a person with a disease to try to determine how well a new treatment is working.

Time frame: 1 year and 2 years

Durability of remission based on presence of rapid early response after transplantation

Remission - a decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer that can be detected with modern technology have disappeared, although cancer still may be in the body.

Time frame: Day 21

Overall survival after transplantation

The percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a certain period of time after they were diagnosed with or treated for a disease, such as cancer.