Cardiovascular Effects of Oligomeric Procyanidins (OPCs) in Smokers

Inclusion Criteria: * healthy male subjects smoking ≥ 10 cigarettes per day with a regular smoking history of ≥ 5 years * BMI ≥ 20 and ≤ 27 kg/m2 Exclusion Criteria: * Occurence of any adverse event, in particular those which require the use of medication that might interfere with the effects and/or the uptake of the investigational products * Intolerance of study products * Occurence of a serious adverse event * Use of supplements, functional foods and/or other products containing vitamins, antioxidants and polyphenolic compounds or other ingredients with potential influence on vessel function for at least one month before the beginning of the study and during the entire study * Use of a medically prescribed diet or slimming diet * Vegetarian or vegan lifestyle * Excessive alcohol consumption (\< 28 consumptions (approximately 250 g alcohol) per week) * Participation in a clinical trial within 4 weeks before the study * Non-compliance with the demands of the study