A Study to Assess All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Morbidity in Participants With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on Dialysis and Those Not on Renal Replacement Therapy Receiving Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta (Mircera) or Reference Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESAs)

Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female participants with symptomatic anemia associated with CKD * Participants with renal anemia who are not treated with an ESA: * Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) concentration less than (\<) 11.0 grams per deciliter (g/dL) (mean of 2 screening values with at least one day and a maximum of 2 weeks between measurements) with clinical indication for ESA treatment * Participants with renal anemia who are on maintenance ESA therapy: * If on dialysis: regular long-term hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis therapy with the same mode of dialysis for at least 3 months before screening * Hb concentration between 10 and 12 g/dL (mean of 2 screening values with at least one day and a maximum of 2 weeks between measurements) * Participants with adequate iron status defined as: serum ferritin above or equal to 100 micrograms per liter or transferrin saturation above or equal to 20 percent Exclusion Criteria: * Contraindications to ESA treatment: uncontrolled hypertension, hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the excipients, any other contraindication to ESA therapy * Conditions known to cause inadequate response to ESA treatment or anemia other than symptomatic anemia associated with CKD: * History of hemoglobinopathy * Anemia due to hemolysis * Pure red cell aplasia * High likelihood of early withdrawal (for example, within 1 year) or interruption of the study * Pregnancy or breast-feeding * Women of childbearing potential without effective contraception * Administration of another investigational drug within 1 month before screening or planned during the study period