Is Carotid Intima-media Thickness Affected by A1C Variability?

Inclusion Criteria: * type II * fluoroscopy in carotid once a year during 2 years Exclusion Criteria: * type 1 diabetes * history or clinical evidence of coronary artery disease or cerebral or peripheral vascular disease * the presence of albuminuria (defined as 24 hour urine albumin excretion ≥ 30 mg) * renal dysfunction (defined as creatinine blood level ≥ 2.0 mg/dL) * hepatic dysfunction (defined as alanine aminotransferase and/or aspartate aminotransferase blood level ≥ 3 × upper normal limit) * smoking within the past 3 months prior to commencement of the study * use of any medication likely to alter IMT such as calcium channel blocker, thiazolidinedione, antiplatelet agent (clopidogrel, cilostazol) * use of glucocorticoid * pregnancy * severe concomitant disease such as cancer * infection * Cushing's syndrome * acromegaly, or any other disorder likely to alter glycemia * primary hypercholesterolemia * hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism * use of any hormonal drugs * alcoholism or drug abuse