Energy Value of Macronutrients From Pistachio Nuts and Mechanisms of Nutrient Action

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 25 to 65 years at beginning of study * BMI between 20 and 38 kg/m2 * Fasting glucose \< 126 mg/dl * Blood pressure \< 160/100 (controlled with certain medications) * Fasting total blood cholesterol \< 280 mg/dl * Fasting triglycerides \< 300 mg/dl Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of kidney disease, liver disease, gout, hyperthyroidism, untreated or unstable hypothyroidism, certain cancers, gastrointestinal disease, pancreatic disease, other metabolic diseases, or malabsorption syndromes * Type 2 diabetes requiring the use of oral antidiabetic agents or insulin * History of bariatric or certain other surgeries related to weight control * Smokers or other tobacco users (during 6 months prior to the start of the study) * Antibiotic use during the intervention or for 3 weeks prior to any intervention period * History of eating disorders or other dietary patterns which are not consistent with the dietary intervention (e.g., vegetarians, very low fat diets, high protein diets) * Volunteers who have lost 10% of body weight within the last 12 months or who plan to initiate a weight loss program during the next 10 months * Known (self-reported) allergy or adverse reaction to pistachios or other nuts * Unable or unwilling to give informed consent or communicate with study staff * Self-report of alcohol or substance abuse within the past 12 months and/or current acute treatment or rehabilitation program for these problems (long-term participation in Alcoholics Anonymous is not an exclusion) * Other medical, psychiatric, or behavioral factors that in the judgment of the Principal Investigator may interfere with study participation or the ability to follow the intervention protocol