The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession versus unilateral lateral rectus recession with medial rectus resection procedures for the treatment of basic type and pseudo divergence excess type intermittent exotropia.
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is the most common form of childhood onset exotropia with an incidence of 32.1 per 100,000 in children under 19 years of age. Intermittent exotropia is characterized by an exotropia that is not constant and is mainly present when viewing at distance, but may also be present at near. Normal binocular single vision (BSV) is typically present at near when the exotropia is controlled, with evidence of normal (occasionally sub-normal) stereoacuity. Although the natural history of the condition is largely unknown, many children with IXT are treated using either surgical or non-surgical interventions. The rationale for intervention in childhood IXT is that extended periods of misalignment may lead to entrenched suppression, resulting in loss of BSV. Intervention may also aim to address the social effects caused by the appearance of misaligned eyes. Many children treated for IXT are currently treated surgically. There is poor agreement as to which type of surgery is most effective for the correction of IXT and the debate has long been related to differentiation between IXT sub-types. Based on distance-near angle disparity, IXT sub-types are classified as: 1) basic (similar magnitude of misalignment at distance and near); 2) true divergence excess (larger at distance); 3) pseudo divergence excess (initially larger at distance, but near angle increases following occlusion or with addition of plus lenses at near); 4) convergence insufficiency (larger at near). Basic and pseudo divergence excess appear to be the most common of the sub-types, and are also the types for which there is most disagreement regarding the optimum surgical approach. The two most common procedures are bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLRrec) and unilateral lateral rectus recession combined with a medial rectus resection in the same eye (R\&R). Traditionally, BLRrec has been advocated where there is a larger distance angle, and R\&R where there is a similar angle at distance and near. A survey of American strabismus surgeons published in 1990 found that the majority performed BLRrec for both basic and divergence excess types. Similarly, we found by polling our investigator group that the majority still perform a BLRrec for basic type IXT. Nevertheless, controversy still exists as to which of these surgical approaches is superior. Advocates of the BLRrec procedure tend to hold that surgery should be based purely on the distance angle of deviation. Proponents of R\&R surgery suggest resection of the medial rectus best addresses the exodeviation at near. The proposed advantage of the R\&R procedure is that resecting the medial rectus, with a possible longer term initial overcorrection, is necessary for a stable and superior long-term outcome. Nevertheless, those who favor the BLRrec procedure suggest that the more profound and prolonged initial overcorrection occurring with R\&R is not only unnecessary, but may in fact be harmful. A persistent overcorrection may be associated with the development of diplopia, amblyopia, and loss of stereoacuity. On the other hand, critics of the BLRrec procedure suggest that long-term recurrence rates are higher. Poor motor outcomes are likely to require reoperation and therefore the long-term success rates of these surgeries have public health importance in terms of cost to society. Evaluating initial and long-term surgical outcomes in the proposed randomized clinical trial (RCT) will answer questions regarding the failure rates of these surgeries and also provide needed data on the potential harm of each procedure. Only one prospective randomized clinical trial addresses success rates of BLRrec versus R\&R for IXT. After between 12-15 months of follow up, 82% of 17 patients undergoing an R\&R had a satisfactory outcome compared to 52% of 19 patients undergoing a BLRrec. Nevertheless, there are some important limitations of this previous study. The sample size was very small. The study population was a sub-group of patients with basic type IXT, excluding patients with basic IXT whose angle of deviation increased at far distance or following occlusion, thus limiting the generalizability of the results. In addition, outcomes were assessed unmasked, potentially biasing the results. One observational study of 103 patients (90% of whom had basic type IXT) found 1-year success rates of 56% for BLRrec and 60% for R\&R. A retrospective study of 115 patients with basic type IXT reported success rates of 69% for BLRrec and 77% for R\&R after an average of 15 months of follow up. Other studies comparing surgery types are limited not only by retrospective study design but also by inclusion of other types of exotropia, making it difficult to interpret results. In addition, many different criteria for success are used, precluding meaningful comparison of success rates between studies. This lack of evidence makes it very difficult to counsel parents of children with IXT regarding the likely success and complication rate of either procedure, limiting our ability to make informed management decisions. Establishing the respective failure rates through the proposed study will allow physicians to offer patients the type of surgery with the highest chance of long-term success, minimizing suboptimal results and repeat surgeries. The present study is being conducted to compare the effectiveness of BLRrec with R\&R for the surgical treatment of basic type and pseudo divergence excess type IXT.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
197
Bilateral lateral rectus recession surgery
A unilateral lateral rectus recession combined with a medial rectus resection in the same eye. Choice of eye at investigator discretion based on any interocular difference, position under anesthesia, fixation preference, or forced duction testing. Reason for choice of eye will be recorded.
Vanderbilt Children's Hospital
Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Number of Participants With Suboptimal Surgical Outcome as Assessed by Motor Alignment and Stereoacuity at Near by 3 Years
A participant's intermittent exotropia (IXT) was considered to be a suboptimal surgical outcome if at any visit occurring 6 months or later, ANY of the following criteria are present by masked examiner testing: 1. Exotropia at distance OR near at any time during the exam (i.e., can be constant or intermittent; determined by a cover/uncover test) with a magnitude of ≥10Δ by SPCT, confirmed by a retest 2. Constant esotropia at distance OR near (determined by at least 3 cover/uncover tests-one must be before any dissociation) with a magnitude of ≥6Δ by SPCT, confirmed by a retest 3. Decrease in Randot Preschool near stereoacuity ≥2 octaves (≥0.6 log arcsec) from enrollment, or to nil, confirmed by a retest Participants who underwent reoperation (or treatment with botulinum toxin) without first meeting any of the above suboptimal surgical outcome criteria were also counted as suboptimal surgical outcomes in the primary analysis.
Time frame: 3 years
Patients With Exotropia by 3 Years
Exotropia ≥10Δ by simultaneous prism and cover test (SPCT) at distance or near, confirmed by a retest, by 3 years. Criteria was met before any reoperation, and regardless of whether suboptimal surgical outcome was met by another criteria.
Time frame: Enrollment to 3 years
Patients With Constant Esotropia by 3 Years
Constant esotropia ≥6Δ by simultaneous prism and cover test (SPCT) at distance or near, confirmed by a retest, by 3 years. Criteria was met before any reoperation, and regardless of whether suboptimal surgical outcome was met by another criteria.
Time frame: Enrollment to 3 years
Number of Participants With Stereo Loss by 3 Years
Decrease in Preschool Randot near stereoacuity ≥2 octaves (≥0.6 log arcsec) from enrollment, or to nil, confirmed by a retest, by 3 years. Criteria was met before any reoperation, and regardless of whether suboptimal surgical outcome was met by another criteria.
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Time frame: Enrollment to 3 years
Number of Participants With Exotropia Control at Distance at 3 Years
Exotropia control at distance was assessed in all patients who completed the 3-year visit. Numeric values for exotropia control were assigned so that the following seven categories were created: Not applicable (no exodeviation) (0) No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \<1 secs (phoria) 1. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers 1-5 secs 2. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \>5 secs 3. Exotropia \<50% of 30-second observation 4. Exotropia \>50% of 30-second observation 5. Constant exotropia
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Mean Distance Control at 3 Years
Mean exotropia control at distance was assessed in all patients who completed the 3-year visit. All 3-year visit data will be analyzed regardless of what treatment(s) a patient has received and regardless of whether the patient has undergone reoperation. Control at distance was analyzed as a continuous variable and compared between treatment groups using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) models that adjust for the corresponding baseline value (e.g. ANCOVA model of 3-year distance control will adjust for baseline distance control). Numeric values for exotropia control were assigned so that the following categories were created: Not applicable (no exodeviation) 0: No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \<1 secs (phoria) 1. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers 1-5 secs 2. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \>5 secs 3. Exotropia \<50% of 30-second observation 4. Exotropia \>50% of 30-second observation 5. Constant exotropia Lower scores indicate better control.
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Change in Distance Exotropia Control at 3 Years
Change is defined as the baseline value minus the 3-year value, therefore positive change = improvement. Numeric values for exotropia control were assigned so that the following categories were created: Not applicable (no exodeviation) 0: No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \<1 secs (phoria) 1. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers 1-5 secs 2. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \>5 secs 3. Exotropia \<50% of 30-second observation 4. Exotropia \>50% of 30-second observation 5. Constant exotropia Lower scores indicate better control.
Time frame: Enrollment to 3 years
Number of Participants With Exotropia Control at Near at 3 Years
Exotropia control at near was assessed in all patients who completed the 3-year visit. Numeric values for exotropia control were assigned so that the following categories were created: Not applicable (no exodeviation) 0: No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \<1 secs (phoria) 1. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers 1-5 secs 2. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \>5 secs 3. Exotropia \<50% of 30-second observation 4. Exotropia \>50% of 30-second observation 5. Constant exotropia Lower scores indicate better control.
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Mean Near Control at 3 Years
Mean exotropia control at near was assessed in all patients who completed the 3-year visit. All 3-year visit data will be analyzed regardless of what treatment(s) a patient has received and regardless of whether the patient has undergone reoperation. Control at near was analyzed as a continuous variable and compared between treatment groups using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) models that adjust for the corresponding baseline value (e.g. ANCOVA model of 3-year near control will adjust for baseline near control). Numeric values for exotropia control were assigned so that the following categories were created: Not applicable (no exodeviation) 0: No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \<1 secs (phoria) 1. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers 1-5 secs 2. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \>5 secs 3. Exotropia \<50% of 30-second observation 4. Exotropia \>50% of 30-second observation 5. Constant exotropia Lower scores indicate better control.
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Change in Near Exotropia Control at 3 Years
Change is defined as the baseline value minus the 3-year value, therefore positive change = improvement. Numeric values for exotropia control were assigned so that the following categories were created: Not applicable (no exodeviation) 0: No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \<1 secs (phoria) 1. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers 1-5 secs 2. No exotropia unless dissociated, recovers \>5 secs 3. Exotropia \<50% of 30-second observation 4. Exotropia \>50% of 30-second observation 5. Constant exotropia Lower scores indicate better control.
Time frame: Enrollment to 3 Years
Number of Participants With Distance PACT at 3 Years
The prism and alternate cover test (PACT) is used to measure the angle of strabismus, or deviation, in prism diopters. This is measured separately at distance and at near. Smaller numbers are better because they indicate a smaller angle of deviation. PACT was assessed in all patients who completed the 3-year visit. ∆ = prism diopters; eso = esodeviation; exo = exodeviation
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Mean Distance PACT at 3 Years
The prism and alternate cover test (PACT) is used to measure the angle of strabismus, or deviation, in prism diopters. This is measured separately at distance and at near. Smaller numbers are better because they indicate a smaller angle of deviation. Mean PACT was assessed in all patients who completed the 3-year visit. All 3-year visit data will be analyzed regardless of what treatment(s) a patient has received and regardless of whether the patient has undergone reoperation. PACT was analyzed as a continuous variable and compared between treatment groups using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) models that adjust for the corresponding baseline value (e.g. ANCOVA model of 3-year PACT at distance will adjust for baseline PACT at distance).
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Change in Distance PACT From Baseline to 3 Years
The prism and alternate cover test (PACT) is used to measure the angle of strabismus, or deviation, in prism diopters. This is measured separately at distance and at near. Smaller numbers are better because they indicate a smaller angle of deviation. Change is defined as the baseline value minus the 3-year value, therefore positive change = improvement. If the 3-year PACT is an esodeviation, change in PACT from baseline is the reduction in the exodeviation plus the amount of the 3-year exodeviation.
Time frame: Enrollment to 3 years
Number of Participants With Near PACT at 3 Years
The prism and alternate cover test (PACT) is used to measure the angle of strabismus, or deviation, in prism diopters. This is measured separately at distance and at near. Smaller numbers are better because they indicate a smaller angle of deviation. PACT was assessed in all patients who completed the 3-year visit. ∆ = prism diopters; eso = esodeviation; exo = exodeviation
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Mean Near PACT at 3 Years
The prism and alternate cover test (PACT) is used to measure the angle of strabismus, or deviation, in prism diopters. This is measured separately at distance and at near. Smaller numbers are better because they indicate a smaller angle of deviation. Mean PACT was assessed in all patients who completed the 3-year visit. All 3-year visit data will be analyzed regardless of what treatment(s) a patient has received and regardless of whether the patient has undergone reoperation. PACT was analyzed as a continuous variable and compared between treatment groups using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) models that adjust for the corresponding baseline value (e.g. ANCOVA model of 3-year PACT at near will adjust for baseline PACT at near).
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Change in Near PACT From Baseline to 3 Years
The prism and alternate cover test (PACT) is used to measure the angle of strabismus, or deviation, in prism diopters. This is measured separately at distance and at near. Smaller numbers are better because they indicate a smaller angle of deviation. Change is defined as the baseline value minus the 3-year value, therefore positive change = improvement. If the 3-year PACT is an esodeviation, change in PACT from baseline is the reduction in the exodeviation plus the amount of the 3-year exodeviation.
Time frame: Enrollment to 3 years
Participants With Near Stereoacuity Measures at 3 Years
Stereoacuity scores (seconds of arc) were calculated based on the Randot Preschool stereoacuity test (scores: 800, 400, 200, 100, 60 and 40). Seconds of arc refers to the visual angle that is being measured in order to determine depth perception. Lower scores indicate better stereoacuity. Stereoacuity Testing: stereoacuity was assessed in current refractive correction using the following: Preschool Randot stereotest at near (performed at 40 cm): If stereoacuity is worse than 40 arcsec, it must be retested and the better of the 2 measurements will be used for eligibility. Distance Randot stereotest (performed at 3 meters)
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Mean Near Stereoacuity at 3 Years
Stereoacuity scores (seconds of arc) were calculated based on the Randot Preschool stereoacuity test (scores: 800, 400, 200, 100, 60 and 40). Seconds of arc refers to the visual angle that is being measured in order to determine depth perception. Lower scores indicate better stereoacuity. A logarithm base 10 transformation was used to convert stereoacuity scores to the log scale to calculate descriptive statistics (reported as seconds of arc, or arcsec). Stereoacuity Testing: stereoacuity was assessed in current refractive correction using the following: Preschool Randot stereotest at near (performed at 40 cm): If stereoacuity is worse than 40 arcsec, it must be retested and the better of the 2 measurements will be used for eligibility. Distance Randot stereotest (performed at 3 meters)
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Change in Near Stereoacuity From Baseline to 3 Years
Stereoacuity scores (seconds of arc) were calculated based on the Randot Preschool stereoacuity test (scores: 800, 400, 200, 100, 60 and 40). Seconds of arc refers to the visual angle that is being measured in order to determine depth perception. Lower scores indicate better stereoacuity. A logarithm base 10 transformation was used to convert stereoacuity scores to the log scale to calculate descriptive statistics (reported as seconds of arc, or arcsec). Change is defined as the baseline value minus the 3-year value, therefore positive change = improvement.
Time frame: Enrollment to 3 years
Participants Distance Stereoacuity at 3 Years
Stereoacuity scores (seconds of arc) were calculated based on the Randot Preschool stereoacuity test (scores: 800, 400, 200, 100, 60 and 40). Seconds of arc refers to the visual angle that is being measured in order to determine depth perception. Lower scores indicate better stereoacuity. Stereoacuity Testing: stereoacuity was assessed in current refractive correction using the following: Preschool Randot stereotest at near (performed at 40 cm): If stereoacuity is worse than 40 arcsec, it must be retested and the better of the 2 measurements will be used for eligibility. Distance Randot stereotest (performed at 3 meters)
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Mean Distance Stereoacuity at 3 Years
Stereoacuity scores (seconds of arc) were calculated based on the Randot Preschool stereoacuity test (scores: 800, 400, 200, 100, 60 and 40). Seconds of arc refers to the visual angle that is being measured in order to determine depth perception. Lower scores indicate better stereoacuity. A logarithm base 10 transformation was used to convert stereoacuity scores to the log scale to calculate descriptive statistics (reported as seconds of arc, or arcsec). Stereoacuity Testing: stereoacuity was assessed in current refractive correction using the following: Preschool Randot stereotest at near (performed at 40 cm): If stereoacuity is worse than 40 arcsec, it must be retested and the better of the 2 measurements will be used for eligibility. Distance Randot stereotest (performed at 3 meters)
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Change in Distance Stereoacuity From Baseline to 3 Years
Stereoacuity scores (seconds of arc) were calculated based on the Randot Preschool stereoacuity test (scores: 800, 400, 200, 100, 60 and 40). Seconds of arc refers to the visual angle that is being measured in order to determine depth perception. Lower scores indicate better stereoacuity. A logarithm base 10 transformation was used to convert stereoacuity scores to the log scale to calculate descriptive statistics (reported as seconds of arc, or arcsec). Change is defined as the baseline value minus the 3-year value, therefore positive change = improvement.
Time frame: Enrollment to 3 years
Health Related Quality of Life
Health-related quality of life will be assessed using the Intermittent Exotropia Questionnaire (IXTQ). This questionnaire consists of 6 components: 1. Child questionnaire - consists of 12 items which assess how the child feels about his/her eye condition. * One version for children aged 5 to \< 8 years has a 3-level response scale * The version for children aged 8 years and older has a 5-level response scale 2. Parent proxy questionnaire - consists of 12 items which assess how the parent feels the child's eye condition affects the child 3. Parental questionnaire - consists of 17 items which assess how the child's eye condition affects the parent. Has 3 sub-scales: surgical, functional, and psycho-social. All scales ranged from 0 to 100; higher values indicated a better quality of life. Sub-scales were not combined, but rather were each evaluated individually on a scale of 0-100.
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Cumulative Number of Patients With Reoperation by 3 Years
The cumulative proportion of re-operation by 3 years was compared between treatment groups using methods similar to the primary analysis (i.e. using Kaplan-Meier method). A treatment-group difference and a corresponding 95% confidence interval were also calculated. Reasons for re-operation included: XT; XT and worsening stereo ; XT, worsening stereo and social concerns ; XT, diplopia, and headaches ; XT and squinting with one eye closed ; ET ; ET, worsening stereo, and diplopia; ET, worsening stereo and social concerns ; ET, worsening stereo, social concerns, and amblyopia ; Inferior oblique overaction
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Number of Participants With Complete or Near-Complete Resolution at 3 Years
Complete or near-complete resolution was defined as meeting all of the following at the 3 year visit: 1) exodeviation \<10 Δ (tropia or phoria) by both SPCT and PACT at distance and near and ≥10 Δ reduction in PACT magnitude from the largest of the distance and near angles at enrollment, 2) esotropia \<6 Δ at distance and near by SPCT, 3) no decrease in Randot Preschool stereoacuity of ≥2 octaves from the enrollment stereoacuity or to nil, 4) no reoperation or treatment with botulinum toxin, and 5) no non-surgical treatment for a recurrent or residual exodeviation.
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment
Participants Suboptimal Surgical Outcome at 3 Years
Suboptimal surgical outcome at the 3-year visit was defined as meeting any of the three suboptimal surgical outcome criteria at the 3-year visit (regardless of whether the criterion had been met at an earlier visit), or undergoing reoperation at any time. The three criteria for suboptimal surgical outcome were: 1. Exotropia at distance OR near at any time during the exam (i.e., can be constant or intermittent; determined by a cover/uncover test) with a magnitude of ≥10Δ by SPCT, confirmed by a retest 2. Constant esotropia at distance OR near (determined by at least 3 cover/uncover tests-one must be before any dissociation) with a magnitude of ≥6Δ by SPCT, confirmed by a retest 3. Decrease in Randot Preschool near stereoacuity ≥2 octaves (≥0.6 log arcsec) from enrollment, or to nil, confirmed by a retest
Time frame: 3 years after enrollment