Bupivacaine Versus Lidocaine on Inflammatory Regulation

Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female volunteers referred for endodontic surgery willing to undergo 2 visits: 1 surgical appointment, and 1 follow-up research-related appointment * Ages of 18 and older * Willing to undergo observation for 1/2 hour post-operatively * Willing to complete a 100 mm visual analog scale and record analgesic intake over 48 hrs period * Willing to have a preoperative and postoperative biopsy on the day of surgery * Willing to return at 48 hours post-operation to turn in completed pain diaries and for the third biopsy Exclusion Criteria: * Allergy to or other contraindications to use of aspirin, sulfites, amide anesthetics, or acetaminophen * Chronic use of medications confounding the assessment of the inflammatory response or analgesia, for example, NSAIDS, COX-2 inhibitors, antihistamines, steroids, antidepressants * Medications contraindicated with bupivacaine: MAO inhibitors and anti-depressants * Diseases such as diabetes mellitus, liver disease, chronic infections, rheumatoid arthritis or any other systemic disease that compromises the immune system * Unusual surgical difficulty