Pancreas Allotransplantation for Diabetic Nephropathy and Mild Chronic REnal fAilure Stage Study

Inclusion Criteria: Patients will be enroled in this study if they meet all of the following criteria: * Type 1 diabetic patient aged between 25 and 55 years at the time of randomisation. * Fasting plasma C-peptide below 0.5 ng/ml. * Badly controlled diabetes despite an optimized insulin regimen consisting in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (via an insulin pump) or in multiple daily injections of insulin * Persistent 24-hour proteinuria above 300 mg/day (a mean from 3 samples) despite adapted anti-proteinuric therapy for at least 6 months. * Cystatin C and/or Cr51-EDTA and/or DMSA-Tc scintigraphy measured glomerular filtration rate from 60 to 90 ml/min. * No contraindication to pancreas transplant surgery * Woman of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test at enrolment and must agree to maintain effective birth control during first year of the study. * Capable of understanding the purpose and risks of the study, fully informed and given written informed consent (signed Informed Consent has been obtained). * Affiliated to national insurance. Exclusion Criteria: Patients will be excluded from participating if any of the following criteria apply: * Patient with any type 2 diabetes and/or fasting plasma C-peptide above 0.5 ng/ml. * Pregnant woman or breast-feeding mothers. * Woman of childbearing potential unwilling to maintain effective birth control during first year of the study * Second transplant recipient or recipient with a functional grafted organ. * Proteinuria below 300 mg/day (a mean from 3 samples). * Albuminemia less than 30 g/l. * Cystatin C and/or Cr51-EDTA and/or DMSA-Tc scintigraphy measured glomerular filtration rate lower than 60 ml/min or higher than 90 ml/min. * Presence of any documented non-diabetic systemic disease potentially affecting the kidney. * Known allergy, hypersensibility or intolerance to any known insulin, to any of the recommended immunosuppressive agents of the study (Thymoglobulin, anti-lymphocyte serum Fresenius, tacrolimus, cyclosporin, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, corticosteroids etc), mocrolides antibiotics, or to any compound or excipient of all these products. * Currently participating in another clinical trial and/or has taken an investigational drug within four weeks prior enrolment. * Diagnosis of new-onset malignancy during 5 years before enrolment. * Significant, uncontrolled concomitant infections and/or severe diarrhea, vomiting, active upper gastrointestinal tract malabsorption or active peptic ulcer. * Patient affected by active B hepatitis (HBsAg positive, HBeAg positive or HBV-DNA positive) or by active C hepatitis (HCVAb positive; HCV-RNA positive). * Patient HIV positive. * Any form of substance abuse, psychiatric disorder or condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, may complicate communication with the investigator. * Obesity (body mass index above than 30 kg/m2). * Severe iliac vessel calcifications impeding surgery. * Advanced coronary artery disease * Left ventricular function less than 30%. * Plasma blood leukocytes less than 2,000 /mm3 or higher than 15,000/mm3 * Plasma blood platelets less 60,000 /mm3 or higher than 500,000/mm3 * Psychological disorders influencing drug compliance. * Unable, unwilling or unlikely to comply fully with the protocol or the visits scheduled.