Changes of Upper and Lower Limb Blood Flow and Vascular Resistance in Hyperbaric Spinal Anesthesia for Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) Using Duplex Ultrasonography: Comparison of Normotensive and Hypertensive Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * males (\> 65 yr) were scheduled to have spinal anaesthesia for TURP Exclusion Criteria: * patients with peripheral vascular disease * chronic venous insufficiency * prior deep vein thrombosis (DVT) defined by the presence of thrombosis on duplex or the presence of ultrasonographic signs indicating a previous DVT * body mass index \>35 * prior lower limb surgery due to arterial or venous trauma * history of diabetes or autonomic deficiency.