MONITOR-CKD5 - Multi-level Evaluation of Anaemia Treatment, Outcomes, and Determinants in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5

Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female adults (age \> 18 years). * On chronic haemodialysis due to end-stage renal disease (CKD5) of original or grafted kidneys for any duration. * Diagnosed with renal anaemia; i.e., anaemia due to impaired production of endogenous erythropoietin secondary to kidney failure. * Treated with commercially available intravenous EPOETIN ALFA HEXAL® per physician's best clinical judgment and under consideration of available guidance and evidence. * Female patients must be either post-menopausal for one year or surgically sterile or using effective contraceptive methods such as barrier method with spermicide or an intra-uterine device. Oral contraceptive use is allowed. * Informed written consent to participate in the study by patients or their legal guardian. Exclusion Criteria: * Known sensitivity to EPOETIN ALFA HEXAL® or any other ESA. * Solid or hematological neoplasia being treated with chemotherapy. * Treatment with any myelosuppressant medications. * Blood transfusion dependency. * History of pure red cell aplasia. * Bleeding episode in 30 days prior to enrollment. * Orthopaedic surgery in 30 days prior to enrollment. * Patients with several medical condition(s) that in view of the investigator prohibits participation in the study. * Patients with willfully negligent nonadherence to their haemodialysis, medication, nutrition, and/or other recommended treatment regimens. * Use of any investigational agent in the 30 days prior to enrollment. * Women of childbearing potential not using the contraception method(s) described above. * Women who are breastfeeding.