The Importance of Anti-anaerobic Therapy for Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Inclusion Criteria: Women must meet all of the following inclusion criteria: 1. Age 15-40 at the time of enrollment (Note: Participants between the ages of 15-17 will require written informed consent from parent/legal guardian. Written assent will also be obtained from the minor) 2. Acute PID, defined by symptoms and signs guided by current CDC guidelines:50 1. Current symptoms of lower abdominal or pelvic pain (present for ≤30 days) AND 2. Cervical motion tenderness AND/OR uterine tenderness AND/OR adnexal tenderness on pelvic examination 3. Ability to provide written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Women with any of the following will be ineligible to participate: 1. Pregnant or nursing a baby (Note: a urine pregnancy test will be done at enrollment. Result must be negative to participate in the study.) 2. Uterine procedure (e.g. dilation and curettage, abortion) or miscarriage within the past 6 weeks. 3. Allergy to any of the study medications (cephalosporins, doxycycline, or metronidazole) or Type 1 hypersensitivity allergic reaction to penicillin for those with unknown tolerance to cephalosporins. 4. Systemic or vaginal antibiotic therapy in the preceding 7 days 5. Requires inpatient PID therapy (per the current CDC guidelines)50 6. Inability to obtain an endometrial biopsy at enrollment 7. Known inability to comply with the follow-up visits 8. Prior hysterectomy 9. Menopause (including natural menopause defined as lack of menses for 12 consecutive months \[in the absence of pregnancy\] and surgical menopause defined as a woman who has had both ovaries removed) 10. Inability to swallow pills 11. Not willing to refrain from alcohol during the two week treatment period (and two additional days following completion of study medication) 12. Other condition present at enrollment that requires additional antibiotic treatment 13. Current use of any of the following medications: * Anticoagulants, coumarin- or indandione-derivative: warfarin * cimetidine (Tagamet) * Disulfiram * Seizure medications including: phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamezapine (Tegretol), barbiturates (i.e. Phenobarbital) * Lithium * Immunosuppressive drugs including: cyclosporine, amprenavir * Antacids, minerals or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol) 14. Any condition, in the opinion of the investigator that would interfere with the participant's safety or with study outcomes 15. Participation in any study involving an investigational product in the past 30 days or anticipation of participation in any study using an investigational product in the next 30 days 16. Previous participation in this study 17. Evidence of a tuboovarian abscess