Impact of Validated Diagnostic Prediction Model of Acute Heart Failure in the Emergency Department

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥ 18 years * Presentation to the ED with undifferentiated shortness of breath Exclusion Criteria: * Dyspnea of obvious cause, e.g. chest trauma, obvious clinical exacerbation of known chronic obstructive disease * Obvious pulmonary edema in a patient with a known diagnosis of HF and recently admitted to hospital for HF * Clinician does not plan to treat for AHF at all, but rather to pursue other causes of dyspnea (i.e., probability of AHF ≤ 20%) * Clinician plans to treat for AHF and not to pursue other causes of dyspnea (i.e., probability of AHF ≥ 80%) * Acute coronary syndrome within one month * Chronic renal failure (serum creatinine ≥ 250 mol/l) * Anticipated life expectancy \< 6 months due to non-cardiovascular causes * Participation in another interventional outcome trial * Inability to obtain informed consent, including inability of patient to understand English