Integrated Chiropractic and Acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * Are 18 years or older * Have a current episode of low back pain Exclusion Criteria: * Received chiropractic treatment or other manipulative therapies within the last month * Received acupuncture treatment within the last month * Visceral, systemic or joint inflammatory disease with referred pain to the back or pelvis * Non-mechanical low back pain * A history of low back surgery * Osteoporosis * Spondylolisthesis * Coagulation disorder or are taking anticoagulant medication * Prolonged systemic corticosteroid medication * Progressive unilateral lower limb muscle weakness * Symptoms or signs of cauda equina syndrome (e.g., bowel or bladder dysfunction) * Severe concurrent illness (e.g., cancer, heart diseases, psychiatric disorders) * Known pregnancy