Effect of Ketamine on Postoperative Clinical Outcomes

Inclusion Criteria 1. Patients scheduled to undergo small and/or large partial bowel resection via laparotomy or laparoscopy 2. Willingness and ability to sign an informed consent document 3. No allergies to anesthetic or analgesic medications 4. 18 - 80 years of age 5. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class I - III adults of either sex Exclusion Criteria 1. Inability to comprehend the pain assessment tools 2. Patients with known allergy, hypersensitivity or contraindications to anesthetic or analgesic medications 3. Patients with clinically-significant heart disease including arrhythmias and significant hypertension, brain aneurysms, prior history of cerebral vascular accident (CVA), or chronic renal insufficiency 4. Prior abdominal surgery 5. History of abdominal carcinomatosis 6. History of radiation enteritis; 7. Patients with history of hepatic, renal, cardiac failure, organ transplant, or diabetes 8. Patients with seizures 9. Morbid obesity (body mass index \>40) 10. Pregnant or lactating women 11. Subjects with a history of alcohol or drug abuse within the past 3 months 12. Any other conditions or use of any medication which may interfere with the conduct of the study 13. Prophylactic Nasogastric Tube (NGT) use 14. Individuals with significant manic disorders including: schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder or psychosis 15. Individuals with asthma and/or thyroid diseases