Brief Rifapentine-Isoniazid Evaluation for TB Prevention (BRIEF TB)

Inclusion Criteria: * HIV-1 infection * Tuberculin skin test (TST) reactivity greater than or equal to 5 mm or a positive interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) at any time prior to study entry, OR living in a high TB burden area. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol. * Laboratory values obtained within 30 days prior to study entry: 1. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than 750 cells/mm\^3 2. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.4 g/dL 3. Platelet count greater than or equal to 50,000/mm\^3 4. AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) less than or equal to three times the upper limit of normal (ULN) 5. Total bilirubin less than or equal to 2.5 times the ULN * Chest radiograph or chest CT scan without evidence of active tuberculosis, unless one has been performed within 30 days prior to entry * Female participants of reproductive potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test performed within 7 days prior to study entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol. * All participants must agree not to participate in a conception process (e.g., active attempt to become pregnant or to impregnate, donate sperm, in vitro fertilization) while receiving RPT and for 6 weeks after stopping this drug * Female participants who are participating in sexual activity that could lead to pregnancy must agree to use one reliable non-hormonal form of contraceptive while receiving RPT and for 6 weeks after stopping this drug. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol. * Weight of greater than or equal to 30 kg * Participant or legal guardian is able and willing to provide informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Treatment for active or latent TB (pulmonary or extrapulmonary) within 2 years prior to study entry or, at screening, presence of any confirmed or probable TB based on criteria listed in the current ACTG Diagnosis Appendix * History of multi-drug resistant (MDR) or extensively-drug resistant (XDR) TB at any time prior to study entry * Known exposure to MDR or XDR TB (e.g., household member of a person with MDR or XDR TB) at any time prior to study entry * Treatment for more than 14 consecutive days with a rifamycin or more than 30 consecutive days with INH at any time during the 2 years prior to enrollment * For participants taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) at study entry, only approved nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine (NVP) for at least 4 weeks were permitted * History of liver cirrhosis at any time prior to study entry. * Evidence of acute hepatitis, such as abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, and/or light stools within 90 days prior to study entry * Diagnosis of porphyria at any time prior to study entry * Peripheral neuropathy greater than or equal to Grade 2 according to the December 2004 (Clarification, August 2009) Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Toxicity Table, within 90 days prior to study entry * Known allergy/sensitivity or any hypersensitivity to components of study drugs or their formulation * Active drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the site investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements * Serious illness requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within 30 days prior to study entry * Breastfeeding