Rate of Microbial Colonization Over Native Calcified Cardiac Valves

Inclusion Criteria: * Written informed consent must be obtained from the subject or his/her legal guardian before any assessment is performed * Male or Female subject, 50 years or older * Subjects are scheduled to go through any cardiac valve replacement or repair due to degenerative calcified process. For control, subjects with no evidence of valve disease Exclusion Criteria: * Subjects have an established or indicated history of IE. * Subjects have complaint that might indicate IE- intermittent fever and physical finding according to IE diagnosis criteria (not including a heart murmur) * Subjects are current users or have a close history of drug abuse