Efficacy and Safety of Oral E5501 Plus Standard of Care for the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia in Adults With Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (Amendment 02)

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Men and women greater than or equal to 18 years of age 2. Participants diagnosed with cITP (greater than or equal to 12 months duration) according to the American Society for Hematology/British Committee for Standards in Hematology (ASH/BCSH) guidelines, and an average of 2 platelet counts greater than 30x10\^9/L). The physical exam should not suggest any disease which may cause thrombocytopenia other than ITP 3. Participants who previously received one or more ITP therapies (including, but not limited to corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, azathioprine, danazol, cyclophosphamide and/or rituximab). 4. Participants must have had either initially responded (platelet count greater than 50x10\^9/L) to a previous ITP therapy or have had a bone marrow examination consistent with ITP within 3 years to rule out myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or other causes of thrombocytopenia 5. Prothrombin time/International Normalized Ratio (PT/INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) must have been within 80% to 120% of the normal range with no history of hypercoagulable state 6. A complete blood count within the reference range (including white blood count \[WBC\] differential not indicative of a disorder other than ITP), with the following exceptions: hemoglobin: participants with hemoglobin levels between 10 g/dL (100 g/L) and the lower limit of normal (LLN) are eligible for inclusion, if anemia was clearly attributable to ITP (excessive blood loss); Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than or equal to 1500/uL (1.5x10\^9/L) (elevated WBC/ANC due to corticosteroid treatment is acceptable) Exclusion Criteria: 1. Participants with known secondary immune thrombocytopenia (e.g., with known Helicobacter pylori-induced ITP participants infected with known human immunodeficiency virus \[HIV\] or hepatitis C virus \[HCV\] or participants with known systemic lupus erythematosus). (Revised per Amendment 01) 2. Participants with significant medical conditions that may impact on the safety of the participant or interpretation of the study results (e.g., acute hepatitis, active chronic hepatitis; lymphoproliferative disease; myeloproliferative disorders, leukemia) 3. History of MDS 4. History of gastric atrophy (added per Amendment 01) 5. History of pernicious anemia or participants with vitamin B12 deficiency (defined as less than LLN) who have not had pernicious anemia excluded as a cause (added per Amendment 01) 6. Any prior history of arterial or venous thrombosis (stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism), and more than two of the following risk factors: hormone replacement therapy, estrogen-containing hormone replacement or contraceptive therapies, smoking, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, medication for hypertension, cancer, hereditary thrombophilic disorders (e.g., Factor V Leiden, antithrombin III deficiency, etc.), or any other family history of arterial or venous thrombosis 7. Participants with a history of significant cardiovascular disease (e.g., congestive heart failure \[CHF\] New York Heart Association Grade III/IV, arrhythmia known to increase the risk of thromboembolic events \[e.g., atrial fibrillation\], participants with a QT interval corrected for heart rate of \>450 msec, angina, coronary artery stent placement, angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting) 8. Participants with a history of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and chronic active hepatitis 9. Participants with concurrent malignant disease 10. Use of immunoglobulins (IVIg and anti-D) within 1 week of randomization 11. Splenectomy or use of rituximab within 12 weeks of randomization 12. Use of romiplostim or eltrombopag within 4 weeks of randomization 13. Participants who are currently treated with corticosteroids or azathioprine but have not been receiving a stable dose for at least 4 weeks prior to randomization or have not completed these therapies more than 4 weeks prior to randomization 14. Participants who are currently treated with MMF, CsA, or danazol but have not been receiving a stable dose for at least 12 weeks prior to randomization or have not completed these therapies more than 4 weeks prior to randomization 15. Use of cyclophosphamide or vinca alkaloid regimens within 4 weeks of randomization 16. Participants who are currently treated with PPIs or H2 antagonist therapy but have not been receiving a stable dose for at least 6 weeks prior to randomization or have not completed these therapies more than 2 weeks prior to randomization 17. Fasting gastrin-17 blood levels exceeding the ULN at Screening for participants not on PPIs or H2 antagonists (Revised per Amendment 01) 18. Fasting gastrin-17 blood levels exceeding 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) at Screening for participants on PPIs or H2 antagonists (Added per Amendment 01) 19. Blood creatinine exceeding ULN by more than 20% OR total albumin below the lower limit of normal (LLN) by 10% 20. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) OR aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels exceeding 3 times the ULN or total bilirubin exceeding 2 times the ULN 21. Participants with a history of cancer treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. 22. Participants with a history of ITP treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy are still eligible for enrollment. 23. Females who are pregnant (positive beta-human chorionic gonadotropin positive \[B-hCG\] test) or breastfeeding 24. Participants with a known allergy to avatrombopag (E5501) or its excipients