Study to Assess Safety & Efficacy of Sitagliptin as Initial Oral Therapy for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatric Participants. (MK-0431-083)

Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC200 enrolled

Overview

The purpose of the study is to assess the safety of the addition of sitagliptin, and its effect on hemoglobin A1c (A1C) in pediatric participants 10-17 years of age with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with inadequate glycemic control. The primary hypothesis for this study is that sitagliptin reduces A1C more than placebo after 20 weeks of treatment.

This trial is of approximately 56 weeks in duration, including a screening period of up to 1 week, a 1-week single-blind placebo run-in period, a 20-week placebo-controlled, double blind treatment period \[Phase A\] and a 34-week double-blind active controlled treatment period \[Phase B\] during which participants randomized to the placebo arm who have not initiated glycemic rescue therapy with metformin during Phase A will receive metformin (in a blinded manner). A telephone contact will be performed 14 days after the last dose of study medication to assess for any serious adverse events (SAEs). Participants enrolled in the metformin and placebo/sitagliptin arms prior to implementation of Protocol Amendment 05 completed the study on their original treatment assignments. EUPASS4468 is a follow-up, non-interventional, observational assessment of safety of participants who participated in the MK-0431-083 study for up to 5 years.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

DOUBLE

Enrollment

200

Conditions

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes

Interventions

SitagliptinDRUG

Sitagliptin 100 mg tablet administered orally once daily

MetforminDRUG

Metformin 500 mg tablets administered orally starting at 500 mg/day and uptitrated by 500 mg every week to a final dose of 1000 mg twice daily

Placebo to sitagliptinDRUG

Matching placebo to sitagliptin 100 mg tablet administered orally once daily

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 10 YearsMax age: 17 Years

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) * Has not received treatment with an antihyperglycemic agent (AHA) for ≥12 weeks prior to the Screening Visit/Visit 1, or is on a stable dose of insulin (without any other AHA) for at least 12 weeks prior to the Screening Visit/Visit 1. At screening, participants on insulin doses that are not stable can have their insulin doses adjusted and be eligible to participate after their dose remains stable for ≥12 weeks, if they meet all other eligibility criteria. In India, only participants on stable doses of insulin will be eligible. * An A1C of ≥6.5% and ≤10.0% (For participants on insulin: an A1C ≥7.0% and ≤10.0%). Exclusion Criteria: * History of type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diabetes mellitus or has a positive antibody screen for anti-GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase) or (Islet cell autoantigen) ICA-512. * Known monogenic diabetes, secondary diabetes, or a genetic syndrome or disorder known to affect glucose tolerance other than diabetes. * Symptomatic hyperglycemia and/or moderate to large ketonuria and/or positive test for ketonemia requiring immediate initiation of antihyperglycemic therapy. * Previously taken a DPP-4 (Dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitor (such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, or saxagliptin) or GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist (such as exenatide or liraglutide). * Hypersensitivity or contraindication (according to the product circular in the country of the investigational site) to metformin. * Chronic treatment with a medication known to cause weight gain within 30 days of study start or weight loss or increased blood glucose within 8 weeks of study start or treated with an anti-psychotic within the past 12 weeks. * On a weight loss program and not in the maintenance phase or have undergone bariatric surgery within 12 months prior to study start. * On or likely to require treatment with ≥14 consecutive days or repeated courses of pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids. * Undergone a surgical procedure within the prior 4 weeks or has major surgery planned during the study. * History of congenital heart disease or cardiovascular disease other than hypertension. * Medical history of active liver disease (other than non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis), including chronic active hepatitis B or C, primary biliary cirrhosis, or symptomatic gallbladder disease. * Active nephropathy (i.e., nephrotic syndrome or glomerulonephritis). * Chronic myopathy, mitochondrial disorder, or a progressive neurological or neuromuscular disorder (e.g., polymyositis, or multiple sclerosis). * Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as assessed by medical history. * Clinically significant hematological disorder (such as aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic syndrome). * Under treatment for hyperthyroidism. * Exhibits abnormal growth patterns or is being treated with growth hormone. * History of malignancy or clinically important hematologic disorder. * History of idiopathic acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis. * Known history of recreational or illicit drug use, or of alcohol abuse or dependence (within the past year). * Donated blood products or has had phlebotomy of \>10% of estimated total blood volume within 8 weeks of signing informed consent, or intends to donate blood products or receive blood products within the projected duration of the study. * Pregnant, has a positive urine pregnancy test at Screening Visit/Visit 1, is expecting to conceive within the projected duration of the study, or is breast-feeding. * Exclusionary laboratory values.

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) at Week 20

Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) is a blood marker used to report average blood glucose levels over prolonged periods of time. Percentage A1C is the ratio of glycated hemoglobin to total hemoglobin x 100. Change from baseline was estimated as the Week 20 A1C minus the Week 0 A1C.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Baseline Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) for the Placebo (Pooled) Arm

A1C is a blood marker used to report average blood glucose levels over prolonged periods of time. A1C is the ratio of glycated hemoglobin to total hemoglobin x 100. The Placebo (pooled) arm was a pooling of the Placebo/Metformin and Placebo/Sitagliptin arms for analysis purposes.

Time frame: Baseline

Change From Baseline In A1C at Week 20 (Analysis of Selected Arms: Sitagliptin and Placebo (Pooled))

Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) is a blood marker used to report average blood glucose levels over time. Percentage A1C is the ratio of glycated hemoglobin to total hemoglobin x 100. Mean change from baseline was estimated as the Week 20 A1C minus the Week 0 A1C from a longitudinal data analysis (LDA) model. The placebo arm in this comparison is a pooling of the Placebo/Metformin and Placebo/Sitagliptin arms. The Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP) did not specify for the Metformin arm to be included in statistical comparisons, so results for this arm are provided separately.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Number of Participants Who Experienced ≥1 Adverse Event During Weeks 0-56

The number of participants experiencing ≥1 adverse event during Weeks 0-56 was reported. An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a person administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment.

Time frame: Up to Week 56

Percentage of Participants Who Experienced ≥1 Adverse Event During Weeks 0-56 (Analysis of Selected Arms: Sitagliptin and Placebo/Metformin)

Data from ClinicalTrials.gov

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Secondary Outcomes

Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 54

A1C is a blood marker used to report average blood glucose levels over prolonged periods of time. Percentage A1C is the ratio of glycated hemoglobin to total hemoglobin x 100. This change from baseline reflects the Week 54 A1C minus the Week 0 A1C.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Percentage of Participants With A1C at Goal (<7.0%) at Week 20

The percentage of participants with A1C at goal (\<7.0%) at Week 20 was presented. All numbers shown in each individual treatment arm are based on the observed values (Missing = Not at Goal).

Time frame: Week 20

Percentage of Participants With A1C at Goal (<7.0%) at Week 20 (Analysis of Selected Arms: Sitagliptin and Placebo (Pooled))

The percentage of participants with A1C at goal (\<7.0%) at Week 20 was presented. The analysis table includes the observed values for each treatment arm (Missing = Not at Goal) and the estimated treatment difference (Missing = Multiple Imputation). The current outcome measure focused on comparing results from participants randomized to sitagliptin or placebo. The Placebo arm in this comparison was a pooling of the Placebo/Metformin and Placebo/Sitagliptin arms. The SAP did not specify for the Metformin arm to be included in statistical comparisons, so results for this arm are provided separately.

Time frame: Week 20

Percentage of Participants With A1C at Goal (<6.5%) at Week 20

The percentage of participants with A1C at goal (\<6.5%) at Week 20 was presented. All numbers shown in each individual treatment arm are based on the observed values (Missing = Not at Goal).

Time frame: Week 20

Percentage of Participants With A1C at Goal (<6.5%) at Week 20 (Analysis of Selected Arms: Sitagliptin and Placebo (Pooled))

The percentage of participants with A1C at goal (\<6.5%) at Week 20 was presented. The analysis table includes the observed values for each treatment arm (Missing = Not at Goal) and the estimated treatment difference (Missing = Multiple Imputation). The current outcome measure focused on comparing results from participants randomized to sitagliptin or placebo. The Placebo arm in this comparison was a pooling of the Placebo/Metformin and Placebo/Sitagliptin arms. The SAP did not specify for the Metformin arm to be included in statistical comparisons, so results for this arm are provided separately.

Time frame: Week 20

Percentage of Participants With A1C at Goal (<7.0%) at Week 54

The percentage of participants with A1C at goal (\<7.0%) at Week 54 was presented. All numbers shown in each individual treatment arm are based on the observed values (Missing = Not at Goal).

Time frame: Week 54

Percentage of Participants With A1C at Goal (<6.5%) at Week 54

The percentage of participants with A1C at goal (\<6.5%) at Week 54 was presented. All numbers shown in each individual treatment arm are based on the observed values (Missing = Not at Goal).

Time frame: Week 54

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 20

Blood glucose was measured on a fasting basis. Change in plasma glucose levels was FPG at Week 20 minus FPG at baseline.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Baseline Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) for the Placebo (Pooled) Arm

Blood glucose was measured on a fasting basis. The Placebo (pooled) arm was a pooling of the Placebo/Metformin and Placebo/Sitagliptin arms for analysis purposes.

Time frame: Baseline

Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 20 (Analysis of Selected Arms: Sitagliptin and Placebo (Pooled))

Blood glucose was measured on a fasting basis. Change in plasma glucose levels was FPG at Week 20 minus FPG at baseline and was estimated from a longitudinal data analysis model. The current outcome measure focused on results from participants randomized to sitagliptin or placebo. The Week 20 treatment comparison of Sitagliptin vs Placebo included all participants treated with Sitagliptin or Placebo. The Placebo arm in this comparison was a pooling of the Placebo/Metformin and Placebo/Sitagliptin arms. The SAP did not specify for the Metformin arm to be included in statistical comparisons, so results for this arm are provided separately.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 54

Blood glucose was measured on a fasting basis. Change in plasma glucose levels was FPG at Week 54 minus FPG at baseline.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Post-meal Glucose (PMG) at Week 20

PMG endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 20 2-hour PMG minus the Week 0 2-hour PMG.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in 2-hour PMG at Week 54

PMG endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 54 2-hour PMG minus the Week 0 2-hour PMG.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in 2-hour Incremental PMG at Week 20

2-Hour incremental PMG = Glucose at 120 minutes - glucose at 0 minutes. PMG endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 20 2-hour incremental PMG minus the Week 0 2-hour incremental PMG.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Incremental PMG at Week 54

2-Hour incremental PMG = Glucose at 120 minutes - glucose at 0 minutes. PMG endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 54 2-hour incremental PMG minus the Week 0 2-hour incremental PMG.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Insulin at Week 20 for Participants Not on Background Insulin

This change from baseline reflects the Week 20 insulin minus the Week 0 insulin.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Insulin at Week 54 For Participants Not on Background Insulin

This change from baseline reflects the Week 54 insulin minus the Week 0 insulin.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Proinsulin at Week 20 For Participants Not on Background Insulin

This change from baseline reflects the Week 20 proinsulin minus the Week 0 proinsulin.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Proinsulin at Week 54 For Participants Not on Background Insulin

This change from baseline reflects the Week 54 proinsulin minus the Week 0 proinsulin.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio at Week 20 for Participants Not on Background Insulin

Change from baseline was the Week 20 proinsulin/insulin ratio minus the Week 0 proinsulin/insulin ratio.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio at Week 54 For Participants Not on Background Insulin

The change from baseline was Week 54 proinsulin/insulin ratio minus the Week 0 proinsulin/insulin ratio.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Homeostatic Model Assessment of β-cell Function (HOMA-β) at Week 20 For Participants Not on Background Insulin

HOMA-β = 20 × fasting insulin (in mcIU/mL) ÷ {\[FPG (in mg/dL)/18\] - 3.5}. The change from baseline was Week 20 HOMA-β minus the Week 0 HOMA-β.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in HOMA-β at Week 54 For Participants Not on Background Insulin

HOMA-β = 20 × fasting insulin (in mcIU/mL) ÷ {\[FPG (in mg/dL)/18\] - 3.5}. This change from baseline was Week 54 HOMA-β minus the Week 0 HOMA-β.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) at Week 20 For Participants Not on Background Insulin

HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (in mcIU/mL) × FPG (in mg/dL) / (22.5×18). This change from baseline was Week 20 HOMA-IR minus the Week 0 HOMA-IR.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in HOMA-IR at Week 54 For Participants Not on Background Insulin

HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (in mcIU/mL) × FPG (in mg/dL) / (22.5×18). This change from baseline was Week 54 HOMA-IR minus the Week 0 HOMA-IR.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Glucose 3-Hour Total Area Under the Curve (AUC) at Week 20

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 20 glucose 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 glucose 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Insulin 3-hour AUC at Week 20

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 20 insulin 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 insulin 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in C-peptide 3-Hour AUC at Week 20

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 20 C-peptide 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 C-peptide 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Insulin 3-Hour AUC/ Glucose 3-Hour AUC Ratio at Week 20

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 20 insulin total AUC/glucose total AUC ratio minus the Week 0 insulin total AUC/glucose total AUC ratio.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Glucose Excursion 3-Hour AUC at Week 20

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. Excursion AUC = Incremental AUC above the level at the start of the meal. AUC below the level at the start of the meal did not contribute to the Excursion AUC. This change from baseline was Week 20 glucose Excursion 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 glucose Excursion 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Insulin Excursion 3-Hour AUC at Week 20

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. Excursion AUC = Incremental AUC above the level at the start of the meal. AUC below the level at the start of the meal did not contribute to the Excursion AUC. This change from baseline was Week 20 insulin Excursion 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 insulin Excursion 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in C-peptide Excursion 3-Hour AUC at Week 20

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. Excursion AUC = Incremental AUC above the level at the start of the meal. AUC below the level at the start of the meal did not contribute to the Excursion AUC. This change from baseline was Week 20 C-peptide Excursion 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 C-peptide Excursion 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Insulin Excursion 3-Hour AUC/Glucose Excursion 3-Hour AUC Ratio at Week 20

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. Excursion AUC = Incremental AUC above the level at the start of the meal. AUC below the level at the start of the meal did not contribute to the Excursion AUC. This change from baseline was Week 20 insulin Excursion 3-hour AUC/glucose Excursion 3-hour AUC ratio minus the Week 0 insulin Excursion 3-hour AUC/glucose Excursion 3-hour AUC ratio.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Glucose 3-Hour AUC at Week 54

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 54 glucose 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 glucose 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Insulin 3-Hour AUC at Week 54

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 54 insulin 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 insulin 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in C-peptide 3-Hour AUC at Week 54

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 54 C-peptide 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 C-peptide 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Insulin 3-Hour AUC/Glucose 3-Hour AUC Ratio at Week 54

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. This change from baseline was Week 54 insulin 3-hour AUC/glucose 3-hour AUC ratio minus the Week 0 insulin 3-hour AUC/glucose 3-hour AUC ratio.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Glucose Excursion 3-Hour AUC at Week 54

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. Excursion AUC = Incremental AUC above the level at the start of the meal. AUC below the level at the start of the meal did not contribute to the Excursion AUC. This change from baseline was Week 54 glucose Excursion 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 glucose Excursion 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Insulin Excursion 3-Hour AUC at Week 54

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. Excursion AUC = Incremental AUC above the level at the start of the meal. AUC below the level at the start of the meal did not contribute to the Excursion AUC. This change from baseline was Week 54 insulin Excursion 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 insulin Excursion 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in C-Peptide Excursion 3-Hour AUC at Week 54

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. Excursion AUC = Incremental AUC above the level at the start of the meal. AUC below the level at the start of the meal did not contribute to the Excursion AUC. This change from baseline was Week 54 C-peptide Excursion 3-hour AUC minus the Week 0 C-peptide Excursion 3-hour AUC.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Change From Baseline in Insulin Excursion 3-Hour AUC/Glucose Excursion 3-Hour AUC Ratio at Week 54

AUC endpoints were derived via the trapezoidal rule using 9-point Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) measurements. Excursion AUC = Incremental AUC above the level at the start of the meal. AUC below the level at the start of the meal did not contribute to the Excursion AUC. This change from baseline was Week 54 insulin Excursion 3-hour AUC/glucose Excursion 3-hour AUC ratio minus the Week 0 insulin Excursion 3-hour AUC/glucose Excursion 3-hour AUC ratio.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54 (-10 min. before ingesting the meal, 0 min. prior to the meal, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes after ingesting the meal)

Percentage of Participants Initiating Glycemic Rescue Therapy by Week 20

The percentage of participants who initiated glycemic rescue therapy prior to Week 20 was reported.

Time frame: Up to Week 20

Percentage of Participants Initiating Glycemic Rescue Therapy by Week 54

The percentage of participants who initiated glycemic rescue therapy prior to Week 54 was reported.

Time frame: Up to Week 54

Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI) at Week 20

This change from baseline was Week 20 BMI minus the Week 0 BMI.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in BMI at Week 54

This change from baseline was Week 54 BMI minus the Week 0 BMI.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Mean Percent Change of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Expressing CD26 From Baseline at Week 20

The percent change from baseline in CD26 = (\[CD26 value at Week 20\] - \[baseline CD26 value\]) ÷ baseline CD26 value × 100.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Mean Percent Change of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Expressing CD26 From Baseline at Week 54

The percent change from baseline in CD26 = (\[CD26 value at Week 54\] - \[baseline CD26 value\]) ÷ baseline CD26 value × 100.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Calcitonin at Week 20 - Females

Calcitonin, along with parathyroid hormone, is a hormone that regulates calcium and bone metabolism. This change from baseline was Week 20 calcitonin minus the Week 0 calcitonin.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Calcitonin at Week 54 - Females

Calcitonin, along with parathyroid hormone, is a hormone that regulates calcium and bone metabolism. This change from baseline was Week 54 calcitonin minus the Week 0 calcitonin.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Calcitonin at Week 20 - Males

Calcitonin, along with parathyroid hormone, is a hormone that regulates calcium and bone metabolism. This change from baseline was Week 20 calcitonin minus the Week 0 calcitonin.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Calcitonin at Week 54 - Males

Calcitonin, along with parathyroid hormone, is a hormone that regulates calcium and bone metabolism. This change from baseline was Week 54 calcitonin minus the Week 0 calcitonin.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Urine N-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Bone Collagen [u-NTx]/Creatinine Ratio at Week 20 - Females

Urine N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of bone collagen \[u-NTx\]/creatinine ratio is a biochemical marker of bone turnover/resorption. BCE = Bone Collagen Equivalents

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline u-NTx/Creatinine Ratio at Week 20 - Males

Urine N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of bone collagen \[u-NTx\]/creatinine ratio is a biochemical marker of bone turnover/resorption. BCE = Bone Collagen Equivalents

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in u-NTx/Creatinine Ratio at Week 54 - Females

Urine N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of bone collagen \[u-NTx\]/creatinine ratio is a biochemical marker of bone turnover/resorption. Bone Collagen Equivalents

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in u-NTx/Creatinine Ratio at Week 54 - Males

Urine N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of bone collagen \[u-NTx\]/creatinine ratio is a biochemical marker of bone turnover/resorption. All participants in the Metformin arm were missing baseline or Week 54 measurements. BCE = Bone Collagen Equivalents

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase at Week 20 - Females

Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase is a biochemical marker of bone turnover. This change from baseline was Week 20 bone-specific alkaline phosphatase minus the Week 0 bone-specific alkaline phosphatase.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase at Week 54 - Females

Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase is a biochemical marker of bone turnover. This change from baseline was Week 54 bone-specific alkaline phosphatase minus the Week 0 bone-specific alkaline phosphatase.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase at Week 20 - Males

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase at Week 54 - Males

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Percent Change From Baseline in Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) at Week 20 - Females

IGF-1 is a biochemical marker of growth hormone action and growth. The percent change from baseline in IGF-1 = (\[IGF-1 value at Week 20\] - \[baseline IGF-1 value\]) ÷ \[baseline IGF-1 value\] × 100.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Percent Change From Baseline in IGF-1 at Week 54 - Females

IGF-1 is a biochemical marker of growth hormone action and growth. The percent change from baseline in IGF-1 = (\[IGF-1 value at Week 54\] - \[baseline IGF-1 value\]) ÷ \[baseline IGF-1 value\] × 100.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Percent Change From Baseline in IGF-1 at Week 20 - Males

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Percent Change From Baseline in IGF-1 at Week 54 - Males

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Percent Change From Baseline in Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGF-BP3) at Week 20 - Females

IGF-BP3 is a biochemical marker of growth hormone action and growth. The percent change from baseline in IGF-BP3 = (\[IGF-BP3 value at Week 20\] - \[baseline IGF-BP3 value\]) ÷ \[baseline IGF-BP3 value\] × 100.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Percent Change From Baseline in IGF-BP3 at Week 54 - Females

IGF-BP3 is a biochemical marker of growth hormone action and growth. The percent change from baseline in IGF-BP3 = (\[IGF-BP3 value at Week 54\] - \[baseline IGF-BP3 value\]) ÷ \[baseline IGF-BP3 value\] × 100.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Percent Change From Baseline in IGF-BP3 at Week 20 - Males

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Percent Change From Baseline in IGF-BP3 at Week 54 - Males

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Growth Velocity at Week 20 - Females

Growth Velocity (cm/year) = (Change from Baseline in height)/(Change from Baseline in chronologic age).

Time frame: Week 20

Growth Velocity at Week 54 - Females

Growth Velocity (cm/year) = (Change from Baseline in height)/(Change from Baseline in chronologic age).

Time frame: Week 54

Growth Velocity at Week 20 - Males

Growth Velocity (cm/year) = (Change from Baseline in height)/(Change from Baseline in chronologic age).

Time frame: Week 20

Growth Velocity at Week 54 - Males

Growth Velocity (cm/year) = (Change from Baseline in height)/(Change from Baseline in chronologic age).

Time frame: Week 54

Skeletal Maturation at Week 20 - Females

Skeletal Maturation = (Change from Baseline in bone age)/(Change from Baseline in chronologic age). Bone age was determined from an X-ray of left hand and wrist.

Time frame: Week 20

Skeletal Maturation at Week 54 - Females

Skeletal Maturation = (Change from Baseline in bone age)/(Change from Baseline in chronologic age). Bone age was determined from X-ray of left hand and wrist. All participants in the Placebo/Sitagliptin arm were missing baseline or Week 54 measurements.

Time frame: Week 54

Skeletal Maturation at Week 20 - Males

Skeletal Maturation = (Change from Baseline in bone age)/(Change from Baseline in chronologic age). Bone age was determined from X-ray of left hand and wrist.

Time frame: Week 20

Skeletal Maturation at Week 54 - Males

Skeletal Maturation = (Change from Baseline in bone age)/(Change from Baseline in chronologic age). Bone age was determined from X-ray of left hand and wrist. All participants in the Metformin and Placebo/Sitagliptin arms were missing baseline or Week 54 measurements.

Time frame: Week 54

Change From Baseline in Tanner Staging for Genitalia at Week 20 - Males

Participant's stage of sexual maturation was assessed using the Tanner staging measure for determining pubertal development in male participants. Tanner staging includes an assessment of genital development (males) with a score of range 1 to 5 where 1=no development and 5=adult genitals. This change from baseline was Week 20 Tanner Staging for Genitalia minus the Week 0 Tanner Staging for Genitalia.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Tanner Staging for Genitalia at Week 54 - Males

Participant's stage of sexual maturation was assessed using the Tanner staging measure for determining pubertal development in male participants. Tanner staging includes an assessment of genital development (males) with a score of range 1 to 5 where 1=no development and 5=adult genitals. This change from baseline was Week 54 Tanner Staging for Genitalia minus the Week 0 Tanner Staging for Genitalia. All participants in the Metformin arm were missing baseline or Week 54 measurements.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Tanner Staging for Breasts at Week 20 - Females

Participant's stage of sexual maturation was assessed using the Tanner staging measure for determining pubertal development in female participants. Tanner staging includes an assessment of breast development (females). Tanner stage (breast) is a score of range 1 to 5 where 1=no development and 5=adult breast. This change from baseline was Week 20 Tanner Staging for Breasts minus the Week 0 Tanner Staging for Breasts.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Tanner Staging for Breasts at Week 54 - Females

Participant's stage of sexual maturation was assessed using the Tanner staging measure for determining pubertal development in female participants. Tanner staging includes an assessment of breast development (females). Tanner stage (breast) is a score of range 1 to 5 where 1=no development and 5=adult breast. This change from baseline was Week 54 Tanner Staging for Breasts minus the Week 0 Tanner Staging for Breasts.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Tanner Stage for Pubic Hair at Week 20 - Females

Participant's stage of sexual maturation was assessed using the Tanner staging measure for determining pubertal development in female participants. Tanner staging includes an assessment of pubic hair development (females). Tanner stage (pubic hair) is a score of range 1 to 5 where 1=no development and 5=adult pubic hair. This change from baseline was Week 20 Tanner Staging for Pubic Hair minus the Week 0 Tanner Staging for Pubic Hair.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Tanner Stage for Pubic Hair at Week 54 - Females

Participant's stage of sexual maturation was assessed using the Tanner staging measure for determining pubertal development in female participants. Tanner staging includes an assessment of pubic hair development (females). Tanner stage (pubic hair) is a score of range 1 to 5 where 1=no development and 5=adult pubic hair. This change from baseline was Week 54 Tanner Staging for Pubic Hair minus the Week 0 Tanner Staging for Pubic Hair.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Change From Baseline in Tanner Stage for Pubic Hair at Week 20 - Males

Participant's stage of sexual maturation was assessed using the Tanner staging measure for determining pubertal development in male participants. Tanner staging includes an assessment of pubic hair development (males). Tanner stage (pubic hair) is a score of range 1 to 5 where 1=no development and 5=adult pubic hair. This change from baseline was Week 20 Tanner Staging for Pubic Hair minus the Week 0 Tanner Staging for Pubic Hair.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 20

Change From Baseline in Tanner Stage for Pubic Hair at Week 54 - Males

Participant's stage of sexual maturation was assessed using the Tanner staging measure for determining pubertal development in male participants. Tanner staging includes an assessment of pubic hair development (males). Tanner stage (pubic hair) is a score of range 1 to 5 where 1=no development and 5=adult pubic hair. This change from baseline was Week 54 Tanner Staging for Pubic Hair minus the Week 0 Tanner Staging for Pubic Hair.

Time frame: Baseline and Week 54

Participants With Worsening in Dental Status at Week 20

Participants were evaluated with a visual oral exam; a subset had dental photographs. Teeth worsening was defined as worsening of tooth fracture, tooth discoloration, or enamel defect as determined by an independent reviewer. Worsening in these categories was a change in dental defect assessments made by comparing Week 20 dental assessments versus baseline dental assessments.

Time frame: Week 20

Participants With Worsening in Dental Status at Week 54

Participants were evaluated with a visual oral exam; a subset had dental photographs. Teeth worsening was defined as worsening of tooth fracture, tooth discoloration, or enamel defect as determined by an independent reviewer. Worsening in these categories was a change in dental defect assessments made by comparing Week 54 dental assessments versus baseline dental assessments.

Time frame: Week 54