Age-related Normative Values for the Octopus 900 Perimeter

Inclusion Criteria: * maximum spherical ametropia ± 6 Diopters (D) * maximum cylindrical ametropia ± 2 D * distant visual acuity ≥ 1.0 logMAR \[20/20\] for subjects up to 60 years, ≥ 0.8 logMAR \[20/25\] for subjects from 61-70 years, ≥ 0.63 logMAR \[20/30\] for subjects older than 70 years * isocoria, pupil diameter \> 3mm * intraocular pressure (air pulse tonometer) ≤ 21mmHg * normal anterior segments * ocular fundus: normal appearance of the cup to disc ratio (CDR) ≤ 0.5, interocular difference of CDR \< 0.3 * normal macular region, vessels, and peripheral retinal examination (with undilated pupils). Exclusion Criteria: * amblyopia * strabismus * ocular motility disorder * diseases of the retina * glaucoma, glaucoma suspect * macular degeneration * IOP \> 21 mmHg * abnormal color vision test (ISPP - Ishihara and Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates = SPP) * history or findings of other neuro-ophthalmological disease * relevant opacities of the central refractive media (cornea, lens, vitreous body) * use of miotic drugs * intraocular surgery (except uncomplicated cataract surgery, more than three months previous to testing) * kerato-refractive surgery (LASIK) * drugs influencing reaction time * drugs indicating severe general diseases (anti-diabetic pharmaceuticals and anti-hypertensive medication were allowed for subjects older than 70 years) * mental diseases (for example psychosis) * pregnancy, nursing * acute infections * heavy smoking (\>10 cigarettes /day) * alcohol abuse * diabetic retinopathy * coronary heart disease * stroke * migraine * Raynaud's syndrome * suspected lack of compliance