Distress Tolerance and Buprenorphine

Inclusion Criteria: * initiating buprenorphine treatment (which requires meeting current criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis of opioid dependence) * plan to remain on buprenorphine for at least three months * age between 18 and 65 years * if female of childbearing potential -- must be using adequate contraception (an intrauterine device, oral contraceptive, depot contraceptive, a barrier method "every time," or hysterectomy) as assessed by the study physician * has at least two persons they regularly contact and can provide contact information for them * speaks English sufficiently to understand instructions and assessments. Exclusion Criteria: * current methadone maintenance treatment program participation * medically necessary prescription opioid treatment (e.g., for chronic pain) * current criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis of substance dependence for sedative/hypnotic drugs, alcohol, stimulants, cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens * a diagnosis of organic brain disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizo-affective, schizophreniform, or paranoid disorder, or major depression (subjects who meet criteria for "substance-induced mood disorder," or dysthymia only will not be excluded) * current suicidality on the Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation * use of daily psychotropic, antidepressant, or anxiolytic medication * evidence of neuropsychological dysfunction as assessed by the study physician with confirmation with the Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination * anticipated major painful event (significant surgical procedure) in the coming 6 months * probation/parole requirements that might interfere with protocol participation * history of allergic reaction to buprenorphine or naloxone.