Effects of Medications in Patients With Hypogonadism

Inclusion Criteria: hypogonadotropic hypogonadism * decreased serum testosterone concentration below the normal range (serum T \< 300ng/dL), * FSH and LH levels within or below the normal range, * absence of a pituitary or hypothalamic mass lesions on MRI, presence of gonadotropin response to repetitive doses of GnRH, * normal smell test and normal karyotypes Exclusion Criteria: * previous androgen treatment, * history of smoking, * presence of bilateral anorchia, * intellectual deficiency, * diabetes mellitus, * arterial hypertension or dyslipoproteinemia, * medication of any kind and drug abuse. Because of possible confounding effects, patients with other hormone deficiencies were excluded. Participants with iron, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency were also excluded.