Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Protein Modulation to Induce Anabolism in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Aim 2

Inclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria COPD subjects: * Ability to walk, sit down and stand up independently * Age 45 years or older * Ability to lay in supine or elevated position for 8 hours * Diagnosis of moderate to severe chronic airflow limitation, defined as measured forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) ≤ 70% of referen¬ce FEV1 * Clinically stable condition and not suffering from respiratory tract infection or exacerbation of their disease (defined as a combination of increased cough, sputum purulence, shortness of breath, systemic symptoms such as fever, and a decrease in FEV1 \> 10% compared with values when clinically stable in the preceding year) at least 4 weeks prior to the study * Shortness of breath on exertion * Willingness and ability to comply with the protocol, including: * Refraining from alcohol consumption (24 h) and intense physical activities (72h) prior to each study visit * Adhering to fasting state from 10 pm ± 2h onwards the day prior to each study visit Inclusion criteria healthy control subjects: * Healthy male or female according to the investigator's or appointed staff's judgment * Ability to walk, sit down and stand up independently * Age 45 years or older * Ability to lay in supine or elevated position for 8 hours * No diagnosis of COPD and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) \> 80% of referen¬ce FEV1 * Willingness and ability to comply with the protocol, including: * Refraining from alcohol consumption (24 h) and intense physical activities (72h) prior to each study visit * Adhering to fasting state from 10 pm ± 2h onwards the day prior to each study visit Exclusion Criteria: * Any condition that may interfere with the definition 'healthy subject' according to the investigator's judgment (for healthy control group only) * Established diagnosis of malignancy * Established diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus * History of untreated metabolic diseases including hepatic or renal disorder * Presence of acute illness or metabolically unstable chronic illness * Recent myocardial infarction (less than 1 year) * Any other condition according to the PI or study physicians would interfere with proper conduct of the study / safety of the patient * BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 * Dietary or lifestyle characteristics: * Use of supplements containing EPA+DHA 3 months prior to the first test day Use of protein or amino acid containing nutritional supplements within 5 days of first study day * Current alcohol or drug abuse * Indications related to interaction with study products: * Known allergy to milk or milk products * Known hypersensitivity to fish and/or shellfish, Swanson EFAs Super EPA Fish oil or any of its ingredients, Swanson EFAs Certified Organic Extra Virgin Olive oil or any of its ingredients * Contraindications to biopsy procedure: * Platelet count (PLT) \< 100,000 * History of hypo- or hyper-coagulation disorders including use of a Coumadin derivative, history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), or pulmonary embolism (PE) at any point in lifetime * Currently taking anti-thrombotics and cannot stop for 7 days (i.e. medical indication) * Allergy to local anesthetic * Use of long-term oral corticosteroids or short course of oral corticosteroids in the preceding month before enrollment * Failure to give informed consent or Investigator's uncertainty about the willingness or ability of the subject to comply with the protocol requirements