Long Term Effects of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Population of Parous Women

Inclusion Criteria: * The study group will include women who gave birth in Shaare Zedek Medical Center between the years 2000 and 2010. * Women with a GDM history will be identified based on the gestational diabetes clinic files. * Women without a history of GDM who will be the control group will be identified from the Shaare Zedek Medical Center birth registration records Exclusion Criteria: * We established the following exclusion criteria: * women who are diagnosed with metabolic syndrome before pregnancy or have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and * women with severe chronic diseases.