An Implant With an Acid-etched Fixture Surface and Internal-hex Collar May Achieve Greater Osseointegration.

Overview

Brånemark System® dental implant osseointegration was introduced clinically in 1965 as a novel approach to the replacement of missing teeth. Although this implant's traditional machined screw-shaped surface had excellent, well-documented short- and long-term osseointegration success, newer implant designs were introduced that could enhance biological fusion of the implant to jaw bones, allowing more rapid restoration and function. It was also claimed that such implants could lead to less bone loss with function. One such implant, Screw-Vent®, had a macrostructure very similar to that of the Brånemark implant, except that it's fixture surface was acid-etched which could enhance biological osseointegration. It also had a longer narrower smooth internal-hex interlocking flat collar that could better resist occlusal forces, leading to even less bone loss according to the manufacturer. However, no well-controlled clinical studies existed in 1990 that supported these claims. This study was undertaken, therefore, to first compare the Brånemark implant with another implant, Swede-Vent®, a copy of the Brånemark implant except for its fixture surface that was identically acid-etched as that of Screw-Vent by the same manufacturer. The effect on bone healing could then be compared between Brånemark's machined and Swede-Vent's acid-etched surfaces in the short- and long-terms. Our hypothesis was that the microtextured Swede-Vent fixture would lead to greater bone preservation. Since Screw-Vent's fixture surface was identically acid-etched as that of Swede-Vent by the same manufacturer, we could then evaluate the effect on bone healing of Screw-Vent's collar and the shorter wider machined smooth external-hex flat collar of Swede-Vent (identical to that of Brånemark). All three 2-part platform-matched parallel-wall implants were made of commercially pure titanium, had a very similar fixture macro-design, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (USA) and Health and Welfare Canada, and were commercially available in North America. Brånemark is still available, but with an oxidized microtextured fixture surface and a shortened machined smooth external-hex flat collar. Screw-Vent is still available with its microtextured fixture surface, but its machined smooth internal-hex flat collar has also been substantially shortened. Swede-Vent is no longer available.

This prospective randomized long-term superiority clinical trial tests the hypothesis that an implant with an acid-etched fixture surface and internal-hex machined flat collar results in greater bone preservation. Age-eligible participants were recruited into this study between 1990 and 1992 from the external clinics of a university dental faculty and hospital affiliated dental department. Study was peer reviewed, had satisfied ethics committee's criteria for human clinical research, and was to take place at the university dental faculty and hospital affiliated department. Sixty participants were enrolled. The study's coordinator evaluated clinical charts to confirm that participants had satisfied the pre-determined inclusion criteria, and that registry operations, data collection, documentation and analysis followed established protocol. A statistician who was not part of the research team prepared a sampling design that included three Configurations. Each Configuration contained five implants of the three types, thereby allowing an equal number of each implant type to be placed in a cyclical side-by-side rotating fashion at each of five sites between the mental foramen. Consequently, 100 implants of each of the three types were to be placed for a total of 300. However, two participants opted out before start of study so that 58 (30 women) received 290 implants, and each participant acted as their own control. A different identification number was placed on each participant's chart, and allocation concealment then allowed 20 participants to receive Configuration 1, 19 Configuration 2, and 19 Configuration 3. Configuration diagram (but not number) identifying the implant type and length to be placed at each site was stored inside each chart, and only shown to the operating team at surgery. Following restoration with a fixed complete dental prosthesis on the implants, each participant was examined and standardized peri-apical radiographs were taken of each implant after 12 and 24 months and at 15-20 years of function. Distance between first bone-to-implant contact point (fBIC) and crestal abutment-implant interface/microgap (MG) was measured at right and left sides of each abutment-implant surface on the radiographs by examiners who were not part of the research team. Mean fBIC-MG values were then calculated, documented and compared between Brånemark, Swede-Vent and Screw-vent at the three intervals. Assessment was based on intention to treat. Inter and intra-examiner reliability of measurements was assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Bland-Altman Repeatability. Statistical analysis was based on the mixed linear model that included fixed effects of time, implant position, implant configuration, implant type (and implant length as a covariate effect). Position and time were repeated within participants, and Shapiro-Wilk Test was applied to verify that data was following normal distribution. Bonferroni correction was used for pairwise comparisons, and a p value of \<0.05 was considered significant. Confidence Interval was established at 2-sided 95% Confidence Level. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23® (IBM Corp, Armonk US). The following were consulted in order to utilize standardized descriptive terms. American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (1963) was used to classify each participant's physical health as Class 1 (obligatory). Lekholm-Zarb Classification System (1987) was used to classify each participant's quality (density) of mandibular bone as Types 2 and 3 (obligatory). Salzman Skeletal Bone Intermaxillary Classification System (1966) was used to classify each participant's profile skeletal relationship between maxilla and mandible as Class 1 (obligatory). American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual (2001, fifth edition, Washington, DC) was used to describe certain participant baseline demographic characteristics.