Study to Evaluate Effect of Nebivolol on Angina in Women With Microvascular Disease

Overview

Women have less significant blockages of coronary arteries, however have greater symptoms and worse outcomes compared to their age-matched male counterparts. This paradox has led to the recognition and importance of the microvasculature ( small vessels) as a contributor to symptoms and outcomes. Nebivolol has unique antioxidant properties and dilates blood vessels and it is therefore proposed that treatment with nebivolol will reduce angina (chest symptoms) in women with microvascular disease as well as improve exercise capacity, reduce resource utilization and improve other measures of artery function.

Though women have less obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) they continue to have a greater burden of symptoms, more myocardial ischemia, and a higher rate of adverse outcomes than their age-matched male counterparts. This ostensible paradox has led to the recognition of a distinct pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease, in part related to microvascular dysfunction, and abnormal coronary reactivity. The term primary microvascular angina, (MVA) is used to describe a syndrome among patients who have symptoms suggestive of cardiac ischemia, evidence of electrocardiographic abnormalities, abnormalities on stress imaging or a history of ACS, but no evidence of obstructive epicardial coronary disease. In this population, microvascular angina causes significant morbidity and in some may contribute to increased mortality. The treatment of microvascular disease remains empirical due to lack of data regarding symptom alleviation, as well as ultimate mortality reduction. Women with ischemic heart disease and microvascular angina continue to report more frequent angina and worse quality of life. They frequently seek medical attention for the evaluation of cardiovascular symptoms including chest pain and shortness of breath. Consequently, these women incur greater healthcare costs, with more office visits, hospitalizations, and myocardial infarctions. In fact, more than one half of women without obstructive coronary disease continue to have ischemic symptoms that lead to further consumption of CAD resources, most often because of diagnostic uncertainty. In the absence of robust outcomes data to drive the care of these women with microvascular ischemia, various approaches are taken, in addition to the fundamental management of baseline risk factors. Some physicians treat these women as they would treat patients with known obstructive CAD, while some, in the setting of "open" coronary arteries and persistent chest pain, opt for reassurance. Nevertheless, given that these women with microvascular ischemia continue to have higher morbidity and mortality, as well as increased resource consumption, there is a widely recognized need for effective therapeutic agents to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, decrease resource consumption, and ultimately reduce mortality. Nebivolol, due to its unique antioxidant and vasodilator properties, via its effect on NO bioactivity, and subsequent effects on the endothelium may be a potentially ideal therapeutic agent for the treatment of microvascular angina among women. For example, one previous study showed that nebivolol improved exercise parameters, as well as endothelial function, more effectively than other beta blockade with metoprolol, among patients with persistent angina and non-obstructive coronary disease. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is an ideal diagnostic test in this study as it will provide unique information on how microvascular ischemia influences functional capacity as measured through sensitive gas exchange parameters. Because it is known that a distinct pathophysiology contributes to microvascular angina among this subset of women, these parameters provided by CPET may provide essential information regarding the mechanism of symptom mitigation should nebivolol confer therapeutic value. Furthermore, because exercise tolerance is often significantly impaired, objective measures of gas exchange that reflect submaximum and maximum fitness among these women will be useful both at baseline and on nebivolol. Peripheral arterial tone and pulse wave analysis will also be performed. PAT signal technology provides a widely validated measurement of endothelium-mediated changes in vascular tone, using non-invasive bio-sensors on the fingertips that are elicited by creating a down-stream hyperemic response. This parameter correlates well with endothelial dysfunction in coronary arteries. We will perform endothelial function testing at baseline and after 3 months. Metabolomics is an emerging field that offers the possibility of using the body's metabolites to both phenotype a disease as well as track its response to isolated perturbations, such as administration of a drug. In this study we will utilize metabolomics to define signatures of microvascular ischemia as well as nebivolol-mediated changes in metabolic profiles. Baseline metabolic profiling, as well as metabolic profiling after 3 months of nebivolol treatment will be performed in this study. This type of assessment is an ideal complement to the clinical parameters delineated above as it combines targeted mass spectrometry to measures small molecules related to nitric oxide metabolism (ie: arginine, arginosuccinate, citrulline, ornithine, cGMP, ADMA) as well as more unbiased screening of metabolites that are not known to be associated with either nebivolol exposure or microvascular angina.