Buprenorphine for Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome in Infants With In Utero Exposure to Benzodiazepines

Inclusion Criteria: 1. ≥ 37 weeks gestation 2. Exposure to opioids in utero 3. Demonstration of signs and symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome requiring treatment 4. Exposure to benzodiazepines in utero and/or receiving breast milk. Benzodiazepine use is defined as maternal use in the past 30 days, and/or receipt of benzodiazepines by prescription (as determined by self-report or intake urine) by the mother 30 days prior to birth. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Major congenital malformations and/or intrauterine growth retardation defined as birth weight \<2200 gm 2. Medical illness requiring intensification of medical therapy. This includes, but is not limited to suspected sepsis requiring antibiotic therapy. 3. Hypoglycemia requiring treatment with intravenous dextrose 4. Bilirubin \>20 mg/dL (The need for phototherapy is not exclusionary) 5. Seizure activity or other neurologic abnormality