Comparison of Double Kissing Culotte Stenting With Double Kissing Crush Stenting for True Bifurcation Lesions

Overview

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesion (BL) remains a challenging task. The DK-crush have been established as a safe and efficacious dual-stenting technique, which can effectively improve the success rate of final kissing balloon inflation (FKBI) and reduce long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE). However, in the clinical real world, especially when the bifurcation angle was relatively small, the DK-crush still has several limitations, such as kissing unsatisfied (KUS), relatively complex wiring or rewiring technique, incomplete stent coverage in the distal side of the side-branch ostium and near the carina, severe stent deformation or evenly acute stent destruction. Our observational study showed that the DK-culotte was also a safe and feasible dual-stenting technique and was equal to DK-crush in terms of improving FKBI and MACE. Nonetheless, there remain no studies for head-to-head comparison of clinical outcomes between the two approaches. We, thereby, carry out a multicentre, non-inferior, randomized and controlled trial to compare DK-culotte stenting versus DK-crush stenting in the treatment of true BL.

How to properly treat coronary bifurcation lesion (BL) is still controversial in the field of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The current guidelines recommended simpler strategies, single crossover stenting or provisional stenting, as the preferred treatment. However, the acute occlusion or loss of important branches, which affects immediate as well as long-term outcomes, may result from such simpler strategies as treating severe true bifurcation lesion (TBL). Therefore, for the procedural safety, double stenting is clinically necessary particularly in treatment of major vessel bifurcation lesions. Up to date, a great number of double-stenting techniques have been introduced clinically: crush stenting (classic crush, mini-crush, step-crush, DK-crush), culotte stenting (classic or modified culotte stenting), T-stenting (classic or modified T), and V-stenting (step V-stenting, simultaneous kissing stenting). Of which, crush-based and culotte-based stenting have been the most popular techniques. The DK-crush has been demonstrated as a safe and efficient procedure, which can effectively elevate the success rate of final kissing balloon inflation (FKBI) and reduce long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE). However, in the clinical real world, especially when the bifurcation angle was relative small or parallel, the DK-crush still has several limitations: (1) although initial kissing balloon inflation (IKBI) can push away the struts covering the side-branch ostium and remold the geometric shape of orifice, redundant struts will be crushed aside onto parent-vessel wall and the side-branch ostium, thereby inducing turbulent flow due to local unsmooth vessel lumen; (2) once the main-vessel stent was released, the side-branch orifice will be squeezed crushed again, thus resulting in stent deformation, malapposition or incomplete coverage near the bifurcation arena and carina; (3) because of deformation or crush of the side-branch stent at its ostium, rewiring the side-branch may be extremely hard with subsequent balloon passing difficulty, leading to low quality or failure of FKBI, or sometimes stent destruction as the wire runs out of the stent. Culotte-based stenting has been demonstrated superior to crush-based stenting in reduction of the side-branch restenosis though overall MACE is similar in Nordic studies \[PMID: 20031690\]. However, it is an essential requirement of similar size of the two branches when using the conventional culotte stenting. As firstly described by us, the modified culotte stenting \[PMID: 22088451\], to start with stenting the side-branch (smaller branch) and by pre-imbedding a balloon in the main-branch for prevention of acute branch loss, has no strict requirement of similar size of the two branches and has been proven to be a safe and efficient procedure for treatment of TBL. However, if the diameter difference between two branches is too much (\>0.75 mm), a circular under-expansion band (CUEB) of main-branch stent in the parent vessel near the bifurcation arena will frequently occurred since the side-branch stent implanted earlier will limit the expansion of the main-branch stent implanted subsequently by its side-hole and the portion protruding into the parent vessel, leading to local stent malapposition and the risk of in-stent thrombosis. For overcome CUEB, we further improved culotte-based stenting to order to develop a novel culotte stenting, the DK-mini-culotte stenting, by the following modifications: (1) pre-imbedding a balloon in the main-branch for prevention of acute vessel loss, (2) firstly stenting the smaller side-branch with shorter protrusion (mini-protrusion) of the stent into the parent vessel, (3) performing IKBI prior to the main-branch stenting for fully expanding the side-hole and protruded portion of the side-branch stent, (4) finally stenting main-branch after IKBI, followed by FKBI. Our series studies, including mimic stenting in artificial vessel in vitro, hemodynamics and flow-field investigations in vitro or in vivo, and pilot clinical observation, have demonstrated that the DK-mini-culotte stenting is necessary for the achievement of high-quality hemodynamic and morphological results, and is superior to the crush-based techniques for treating TBL. Particularly, our initial clinical experience has shown the DK-mini-culotte stenting has several advantages: (1) efficiently eliminating CUEB and preventing stent malapposition by IKBI;(2) technically easier to be performed, particularly for wiring/rewiring and for balloon passing during IKBI and FKBI; (3) technically safer to complete the procedure, especially for preventing the acute vessel occlusion or loss; (4) effectively preventing the deformation and collapse that occasionally happened when using the crush-based stenting; (5) mostly close to the general technique for treating BL regardless of size difference of branches and bifurcation angle; (6) potentially long-term benefits because of complete and even stent coverage in the treated segments particularly in the bifurcation arena and carina. However, there remains no strictly compared study to validate whether the above-mentioned technical superiorities can be translated into clinical benefits as using the DK-mini-culotte stenting for treatment of BL. So, we hypothesized that the DK-mini-culotte stenting is not only feasible technically but also may be superior to or at least not inferior to the DK-crush stenting in terms of reducing in-stent restenosis and MACE. Hereby, we now carry out a head-to-head, prospective, multicentre, non-inferior, randomized and controlled study to compare DK-culotte stenting versus DK-crush stenting in the treatment of TBL.