The Cutoff Point for Caval Index and Its Correlation With Central Venous Pressure and Plasma Lactate Level for Assessing Patients in Hypovolemic Hemorrhagic States

Inclusion Criteria: * Hypovolemic hemorrhagic subjects (class II or more)if they were more than 18 years old and CVC insertion was indicated for them. Exclusion Criteria: * a history of Renal failure, Congestive Heart Failure, use of negative inotropic agents, presence of any contraindication for CVC insertion or failed ones and inability for measuring IVC by bUS were considered for exclusion.