A Randomized Sham-Controlled Study of H-Coil Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Late-Life Depression

Inclusion Criteria: 1. are outpatients 2. are voluntary and competent to consent to treatment 3. have a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)103 confirmedn DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD, single or recurrent 4. are between the ages of 60 and 85 5. have failed to achieve a clinical response to an adequate dose of an antidepressant based on an Antidepressant Treatment History Form (ATHF) score of \> 3 in the current episode 104, 105 OR have been unable to tolerate at least 2 separate trials of antidepressants of inadequate dose and duration (ATHF 1 or 2) 6. have a score \> 22 on the HDRS-24 7. have had no increase or initiation of any psychotropic medication in the 4 weeks prior to screening 8. able to adhere to the treatment schedule 9. Pass the TMS safety screening questionnaire 10. have normal thyroid functioning based on pre-study blood work. Exclusion Criteria: 1. have a history of DSM-IV substance dependence or abuse within the last 3 months 2. have a concomitant major unstable medical illness, cardiac pacemaker or implanted medication pump 3. are acutely suicidal 4. are pregnant 5. have a lifetime SCID diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or current psychotic symptoms 6. have a SCID diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (current or within the last year), anxiety disorder (generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder) assessed by a study investigator to be primary and causing greater impairment than MDD 7. have a SCID diagnosis of any personality disorder and assessed by a study investigator to be primary and causing greater impairment than MDD 8. have presumed or probable dementia, as defined by Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) \< 26 and clinical evidence of dementia. Patients screened out due to possible dementia will be referred to the local memory clinic for evaluation to clarify the presence or absence of dementia 9. have failed a course of ECT within the current depressive episode 10. have received rTMS for any previous indication due to the potential compromise of subject blinding 11. have any significant neurological disorder or insult including, but not limited to: any condition likely to be associated with increased intracranial pressure, space occupying brain lesion, any history of seizure except those therapeutically induced by ECT, cerebral aneurysm, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, multiple sclerosis, significant head trauma with loss of consciousness for greater than or equal to 5 minutes 12. on a dose of Buproprion greater than 300mg per day 13. have an intracranial implant (e.g., aneurysm clips, shunts, stimulators, cochlear implants, or electrodes) or any other metal object within or near the head, excluding the mouth, that cannot be safely removed 14. if participating in psychotherapy, must have been in stable treatment for at least 3 months prior to entry into the study, with no anticipation of change in the frequency of therapeutic sessions, or the therapeutic focus over the duration of the study 15. clinically significant laboratory abnormality, in the opinion of the investigator 16. currently (or in the last 4 weeks) take more than lorazepam 2 mg daily (or equivalent) or any dose of an anticonvulsant due to the potential to limit rTMS efficacy 17. inability to communicate 18. non-correctable clinically significant sensory impairment (i.e., cannot hear well enough to cooperate with interview).