Efficacy and Safety of Odanacatib in Postmenopausal Women Previously Treated With Oral Bisphosphonate (MK-0822-076)

Inclusion Criteria: * Postmenopausal for ≥5 years (defined as no menses for at least 5 years or at least 5 years post bilateral oophorectomy). * Prior or current treatment with oral bisphosphonate therapy (i.e., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate) for postmenopausal osteoporosis for ≥3 years. * BMD T-score at any hip site (femoral neck, trochanter, or total hip) ≤-2.5 and \>-3.5 as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) without a history of a prior fragility fracture. For participants with a history of a prior fragility fracture (except hip fracture), BMD T-score can be ≤-1.5 and \>-3.5 at any hip site. * Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of ≥20 and ≤60 ng/mL within 90 days of the time of randomization. Exclusion Criteria: * Evidence of a metabolic bone disorder other than osteopenia or osteoporosis * History or current evidence of hip fracture. * History of malignancy ≤5 years prior to signing informed consent, except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer or in situ cervical cancer. * Active parathyroid disease. Participant with a documented history of parathyroid disease can be considered for inclusion if she has normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) at screening. * History of thyroid disease not adequately controlled by medication. * Current treatment with anti-seizure medication, with indices of calcium metabolism not within normal limits. * Prior treatment with strontium-containing products; intravenous bisphosphonates; cathepsin K inhibitors; RANK ligand inhibitors; fluoride treatment at a dose greater than 1 mg/day for more than 2 weeks. * Use of following medications within the 6 months prior to the screening visit: activated vitamin D; estrogen, with or without progestin, at a dose high enough to have systemic effects; raloxifene or other selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tibolone or any aromatase inhibitor; sub-cutaneous calcitonin (Note: use of intranasal calcitonin is allowed at any time); anabolic steroid; PTH (1-34 or 1-84); growth hormone; systemic glucocorticoids (≥5 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent) for more than 2 weeks; cyclosporine for more than 2 weeks. * Concurrent use of cancer chemotherapy or heparin; protease inhibitors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment; and vitamin A (excluding beta carotene) \>10,000 IU daily, unless willing to discontinue this dose during the study. * Current treatment with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducers or treatment with CYP3A4 inducer within 4 weeks of screening.