Phase 2 of this study involves determining how consumption of cheese compared with a non-dairy cheese substitute influences inflammation over a six hour period.
Phase 2 is a randomized crossover study designed to determine how consumption of cheese compared with a non-dairy cheese substitute influences postprandial inflammation in participants who have 2 or more risk factors of metabolic syndrome or BMI ≥ 30. Eligible participants will arrive to the Western Human Nutrition Research Center (WHNRC) at the University of California (UC) Davis campus on the morning of each test day after a 10-12-hr overnight fast. Upon arrival participants will fill out a questionnaire about their dietary and medication intakes and physical activity for the past 72 hours to ensure compliance. Compliant participants' weight and blood pressure will be measured and a fasting blood draw will be taken before participants consume their test meal (cheese or non-dairy cheese substitute). Participants will only consume this test meal and water freely for the duration of the test day. Blood will be drawn serially at 1, 3 and 6 hours postprandially. Participants will be tested on a second test day two weeks after the first test. On the second test day, participants' body composition and bone mineral density will be measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
20
Tillamook medium cheddar cheese brand
Daiya brand vegan cheese
USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Davis, California, United States
Plasma inflammatory mediators
Plasma cytokines will be measured using a multi-plex immunoassay and plasma oxylipins will be measured by mass spectroscopy.
Time frame: 0, 1, 3, 6 hr postprandial
Plasma lipid profile
Plasma lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C) will be measured by enzymatic analysis by UC Davis Pathology Lab.
Time frame: 0, 1, 3, 6 hours postprandial
Plasma bone markers
Plasma N-terminal telopeptide (NTX), C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) will be measured by multi-plex immunoassay.
Time frame: 0, 1, 3, 6 hours postprandial
Urinary metabolites
Urinary metabolites will be measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Time frame: 0, 1, 3, 6 hours postprandial
Plasma glucose
Plasma glucose will be measured by enzymatic analysis by UC Davis Pathology Lab.
Time frame: 0, 1, 3, 6 hours postprandial
Plasma lipoprotein size distribution
Plasma lipoprotein size distribution and lipoprotein concentrations will be measured by LipoScience using NMR spectroscopy.
Time frame: 0, 1, 3, 6 hours postprandial
Red blood cell functionality
Red blood cells isolated from whole blood will be measured for sheer stress using an in-vitro microfluidic assay.
Time frame: 0, 1, 3, 6 hours postprandial
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