Antithrombotic Triple Therapy in Humans

Overview

Background:The acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a complication of coronary artery disease (CAD) and associated with increased mortality. Dual antiplatelet therapy of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) with P2Y12 receptor antagonists such as clopidogrel is a cornerstone in the treatment of patients with advanced CAD. Due to delayed onset of action, intersubject variability or resistance to clopidogrel, different platelet aggregation inhibitors have been developed. Ticagrelor is a reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist with superior efficacy compared to clopidogrel in the prevention of cardiovascular death in these patients. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is also associated with thromboembolic events and substantial mortality. Beside vitamin K antagonists (VKA, phenprocoumon) for stroke prevention in patients with AF, the direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban and the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran have recently received approval for prophylactic treatment of patients with non-valvular AF. However, there is a lack of efficacy or safety data for the combined impact of antithrombotic drugs in patients requiring arterial and venous thromboembolic prophylaxis due to their underlying co-morbidities. Study objectives: To evaluate the effect of ticagrelor + ASA in combination with dabigatran, rivaroxaban or phenprocoumon at steady state on markers of coagulation activation. The effects on coagulation activation will also be studied after a single dose of dabigatran, rivaroxaban or ticagrelor and at a therapeutic INR of phenprocoumon. Study design: A single-centre, prospective, randomized, controlled, analyst-blinded study in three parallel-groups. Subjects will receive ticagrelor + ASA in combination with dabigatran (treatment A), rivaroxaban (treatment B) or phenprocoumon (treatment C). All IMPs will be administered at doses indicated for stroke prevention in AF or ACS. Markers on thrombin generation and platelet activation will be studied in venous blood where coagulation is in resting state and in shed blood where the clotting system is activated in the microvasculature in vivo: prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin-anti-thrombin (TAT), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), D-Dimer, thromboxane B2 (TxB2), CD40 ligand (CD40L), p-Selectin. Further, the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), inhibition of factor Xa activity, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), Biophen® and Hemoclot® will be assessed in venous blood. Study population: A total of 60 healthy, non-smoking and drug-free male volunteers will be enrolled in this trial and randomized into one of three balanced groups (treatment A, B and C; n = 20 per group). Main outcome variables: β-TG, F1+2 and TAT in shed blood Additional outcome variables: * D-Dimer, TxB2, CD40L and p-Selectin in shed blood * β-TG, F1+2, TAT, D-Dimer, TxB2, CD40L, p-Selectin, ETP, aPTT, PT, inhibition of factor Xa, Biophen® and Hemoclot® in venous blood Risk/ benefit assessment:Total blood loss will be, dependent on treatment allocation, between 330 ml and 510 ml throughout the entire study period of 4 - 5 weeks. This amount of venous blood is considered to be acceptable in this healthy population. Blood sampling procedures may cause mild and transient pain. A minor haematoma may occur at the site of needle insertions. Bleeding time incisions may leave small persistent scars. Administration of the study drugs, in particular as triple combination for 5 days, results in transient hypocoagulability and may cause overt or occult bleeding. The risk is considered low in the healthy subjects under study. Continuous monitoring of safety parameters (haemoglobin, haematocrit, platelet count, coagulation) and surveillance of the overall status will be performed during study participation. Subjects will be instructed to avoid vigorous physical exercise and handling of hazardous machinery during study participation. ASA, dabigatran and rivaroxaban can cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Other side effects are rare. The combination of these novel anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, ticagrelor) has not been investigated so far. Conducting this study in a healthy population limits potential bleeding risk reported from drug interactions and impaired liver or renal function, which may influence the pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of the investigational products. This study can provide information on haemostatic system activation in vivo during triple treatment with antithrombotic drugs, which is indicated for patients with AF and ACS. The results of this study may provide dosing guidance for risk reduction of patients with ACS and AF.