The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety of extended release (ER) tramadol hydrochloride (HCl)/acetaminophen with immediate release (IR) tramadol HCl/acetaminophen in participants with moderate to severe (very serious, life threatening) postoperative pain.
This study is a randomized (study drug assigned by chance), multicenter (when more than 1 hospital or medical school team work on a medical research study), active-controlled, parallel group (each group of participants will be treated at the same time), double-blind (neither physician nor participant knows the treatment that the participant receives) study. The duration of the treatment will be 2 days and will be conducted in 4 periods: screening period (from 33 to 2 days before study drug administration to the first surgical incision), surgical period (to 1 day before study drug administration), qualification period (1 day) and double-blind treatment period (1 to 2 days). Participants will be randomly assigned to 2 groups: study drug treatment group (ER) and comparator treatment group (IR). Participants will be administered 2 tablets of ER tramadol HCl (75 milligram \[mg\])/acetaminophen (650 mg) along with 2 tablets of placebo matching to IR tramadol HCl/acetaminophen in study drug treatment group; and 2 tablets of IR tramadol HCl (37.5 mg)/acetaminophen (325 mg) along with 2 tablets of placebo matching to ER tramadol HCl/acetaminophen in comparator treatment group respectively at 0, 12, 24 and 36 hours. Participants will also be administered 2 tablets of placebo matching to IR tramadol HCl/acetaminophen in study drug treatment group; and 2 tablets of IR tramadol HCl/acetaminophen in comparator treatment group respectively at 6, 18, 30 and 42 hours. Participants will be administered investigational product at 6-hour interval from the time of the first investigational product administration over 48 hours. Efficacy will be assessed using 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS). Participants' safety will be monitored throughout the study.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
2 tablets of ER (tramadol HCl \[75 mg\]/acetaminophen \[650 mg\]) will be administered at 0, 12, 24 and 36 hours
2 tablets of IR (tramadol HCl \[37.5 mg\]/acetaminophen \[325 mg\]) at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 and 42 hours
Sum of Pain Intensity Difference (SPID) at Hour 48
The SPID is time-weighted sum of all observations of pain intensity difference (PID) collected at each measurement time point from Baseline to 48 hours. PID: Baseline pain intensity (PI) minus current PI; PI was assessed using 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS, 0=no pain to 10=worst pain imaginable). PI score ranges from 0-3 where 0=no pain and 3=severe pain. PI score of 0=NRS score of 0, PI score of 1=NRS score \>=1 and \<=3, PI score of 2=NRS score of \>=4 and \<=6 and PI score of 3=NRS score of \>=7 and \<=10. Total score for SPID at 48 hours (SPID48) ranges from -144 (worst) to 144 (best).
Time frame: Hour 48
Sum of Pain Intensity Difference (SPID) at Hour 6, 12 and 24
The SPID is time-weighted sum of all observations of PID collected at each measurement time point from Baseline to 24 hours. PID: Baseline PI minus current PI; PI was assessed using 11-point NRS, 0=no pain to 10=worst pain imaginable. PI score ranges from 0-3 where 0=no pain and 3=severe pain. PI score of 0=NRS score of 0, PI score of 1=NRS score \>=1 and \<=3, PI score of 2=NRS score of \>=4 and \<=6 and PI score of 3=NRS score of \>=7 and \<=10. Total score ranges from -18 (worst) to 18 (best) for SPID6, -36 (worst) to 36 (best) for SPID12 and -72 (worst) to 72 (best) for SPID24.
Time frame: Hour 6, 12, 24
Total Pain Relief (TOTPAR) Score
Pain relief was measured on a 5-point categorical scale of 0-4 (0=no change, 1=slight relief, 2=moderate relief, 3=fair relief, 4=pain resolved completely). TOTPAR was calculated as the time-weighted sum over all pain relief up to 48 hours. Total score ranges from 0 (worst) to 24 (best) for TOTPAR6, 0 (worst) to 48 (best) for TOTPAR12, 0 (worst) to 96 (best) for TOTPAR24 and 0 (worst) to 192 (best) for TOTPAR48.
Time frame: Hour 6, 12, 24, 48
Sum of Total Pain Relief and Sum of Pain Intensity Difference (SPRID)
The SPRID is sum of SPID and TOTPAR. In SPID, PI score ranges from 0-3 where 0=no pain and 3=severe pain. PI score of 0=NRS score of 0, PI score of 1=NRS score \>=1 and \<= 3, PI score of 2=NRS score of \>=4 and \<=6 and PI score of 3=NRS score of \>=7 and \<=10. In TOTPAR, pain relief score ranges from 0-4 (0=no change, 1=slight relief, 2=moderate relief, 3=fair relief, 4=pain resolved completely). Total score ranges from -18 (worst) to 42 (best) for SPRID6, -36 (worst) to 84 (best) for SPRID12, -72 (worst) to 168 (best) for SPRID24 and -144 (worst) to 336 (best) for SPRID48.
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Enrollment
320
Time frame: Hour 6, 12, 24, 48
Time to the First Rescue Medication Administered Because of Insufficient Pain Relief
The time until administration of the first rescue medication (rescue medications are medicines that are administered to the participants when the efficacy of the study drug is not satisfactory, or the effect of the study drug is too great and is likely to cause a hazard to the participant, or to manage an emergency situation) because of insufficient pain relief after administration of the study drug was recorded. Rescue medications allowed were oral or injection of tramadol HCl (intramuscular \[directly into muscle\] or intravenous injection \[directly into vein\]).
Time frame: Baseline up to Day 3
Number of Doses of Rescue Medication Administered Because of Insufficient Pain Relief
The frequency of the rescue medication (rescue medications are medicines that are administered to the participants when the efficacy of the study drug is not satisfactory, or the effect of the study drug is too great and is likely to cause a hazard to the participant, or to manage an emergency situation) because of insufficient pain relief was measured after administration of the study drug. Rescue medications allowed were oral or injection of tramadol HCl (intramuscular or intravenous injection).
Time frame: Baseline up to Day 3
Dosage of Rescue Medication Administered Because of Insufficient Pain Relief
The dosage of the rescue medication (rescue medications are medicines that are administered to the participants when the efficacy of the study drug is not satisfactory, or the effect of the study drug is too great and is likely to cause a hazard to the participant, or to manage an emergency situation) because of insufficient pain relief was measured after administration of the study drug. Rescue medications allowed were oral or injection of tramadol HCl (intramuscular or intravenous injection).
Time frame: Baseline up to Day 3
Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Score
The PGIC was used to assess the degree of participant's overall improvement with treatment, and participants were instructed to assess how much the overall status had been improved after investigational product administration compared to baseline in 7 grades (1=Very much improved and B=Very much worsened).
Time frame: Day 3